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After lots and lots of testing, I imagine this is a bug and will be opening a case with tech support. If this was built into the design of arcpy, there is no reason I can think of that the FieldInfo properties should not be honored on data coming from a replica database since they are properties of the layer in the map/project and not properties of the data in the database.
I did, however, manage to figure out a workaround, cobbled together with someone else's workaround for preserving the symbology, and my own hack of the JSON code in the lyrx file to preserve other properties of our maps. The solution is rather ridiculous and overly complex for what should be such a simple task of turning off fields. I hope ESRI and the Python community can see the humor in this code 
# Import modules and set workspace
import arcpy, json, os
workspace = "C:\\...\\WebLayers_COPY"
arcpy.env.workspace = workspace
arcpy.env.overwriteOutput = True
# Set up folder paths and fields to turn off
layer_folder = "C:\\...\\TempLayers"
proj_path = "C:\\...\\webLayersArcGISAPP_COPY2.aprx"
fields_to_turn_off = ['created_user', 'created_date',
'last_edited_user', 'last_edited_date']
# Create project object
project = arcpy.mp.ArcGISProject(proj_path)
# List maps in project and layers in maps
maps = project.listMaps()
# Initiate loop through maps and layers
for map in maps:
layers = map.listLayers()
for lyr in layers:
# Pass over group layers
if lyr.isGroupLayer:
pass
# Pass over any data not coming from gjgisprod.sde
elif 'gjgisprod' not in lyr.dataSource:
pass
# Pass over any data using Parcels
elif 'Parcel' in lyr.dataSource:
pass
# Begin absurd process
else:
# Get field info, loop through and turn off desired fields
field_info = arcpy.Describe(lyr).fieldInfo
for i in range(0, field_info.count):
if field_info.getFieldName(i) in fields_to_turn_off:
field_info.setVisible(i, "HIDDEN")
# Make feature layer, save to lyr file, make feature layer with new
# field info, apply symbology, save to lyr file again
# --dumb workaround: fieldinfo not honored on replica data
# --must make feature layer and save as lyr twice for it to work
# --dumb symbology/naming workarounds
name = lyr.name
out_lyr_path = os.path.join(layer_folder, (name + "_1.lyrx"))
arcpy.MakeFeatureLayer_management(lyr, "temp_lyr", "", "", field_info)
arcpy.SaveToLayerFile_management("temp_lyr", out_lyr_path)
arcpy.MakeFeatureLayer_management(out_lyr_path, "temp_lyr2",
"", "", field_info)
arcpy.ApplySymbologyFromLayer_management("temp_lyr2", lyr, "", "MAINTAIN")
new_lyr_path = os.path.join(layer_folder, (name + ".lyrx"))
arcpy.SaveToLayerFile_management("temp_lyr2", new_lyr_path)
arcpy.Delete_management(out_lyr_path)
new_lyr_file = arcpy.mp.LayerFile(new_lyr_path)
new_lyr = new_lyr_file.listLayers()[0]
new_lyr.updateConnectionProperties(new_lyr.connectionProperties,
lyr.connectionProperties)
# Check leyer properties and preserve
if not lyr.visible:
new_lyr.visible = False
if lyr.transparency:
new_lyr.transparency = lyr.transparency
if lyr.minThreshold:
new_lyr.minThreshold = lyr.minThreshold
if lyr.maxThreshold:
new_lyr.maxThreshold = lyr.maxThreshold
new_lyr.name = name
new_lyr_file.save()
# Hack into lyrx JSON code and collapse layer and disable popups
with open(new_lyr_path) as json_lyr:
data = json.load(json_lyr)
data['layerDefinitions'][0]['expanded'] = False
data['layerDefinitions'][0]['showPopups'] = False
with open(new_lyr_path, "w") as json_lyr:
json.dump(data, json_lyr, indent=4)
# Must delete lyr and create another for the JSON changes
del new_lyr_file
new_new_lyr = arcpy.mp.LayerFile(new_lyr_path)
# Finally, switch out layers in map
map.insertLayer(lyr, new_new_lyr, "AFTER")
map.removeLayer(lyr)
# Save project and clean up (still does not remove locks for some reason..)
project.save()
del project
del workspace
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