Hi @KinleyWinchester - if you publish the data through ArcGIS Pro and select the time zone when publishing, the Online database will store the date in UTC but offset it 5 hours forward so that when it is viewed in the UI, it will show up as the correct time in Central time (the conversion on the fly is done based on the time zone of the browser). It sounds like the time is stored in your database in Central time but a time zone isn't specified when publishing. However Dashboards, when creating the time query string, does look at the time zone.
If you do set your time zone when publishing, I think the issue will be resolved. Alternatively you can calculate a field with the offset either pre or post publish and use that for the Dashboards query.
The reason for storing date/time in UTC is that feature layers are viewed all over the world and it's important to be able to view a single date field in multiple time zones. That said, there are a lot of good use cases for not doing this, and adding an option to not use UTC in some capacity is under consideration: https://community.esri.com/t5/arcgis-online-ideas/option-to-not-use-utc-time-offset-in-arcgis-online...
I hope this helps,
-Peter