Latest Contributions by FernandoGil

Apresentação pronta! A minha Tese de Mestrado (https://lnkd.in/epp-fpt) no Encontro de Utilizadores da Esri Portugal (EUE 2015) em Lisboa, no dia 8 de Outubro, na sala 3, pelas 12 horas (https://lnkd.in/efpDKJw). Apareçam! // Presentation finished! I will present my Master's Thesis (https://lnkd.in/epp-fpt) at Lisbon's ESRI Portugal User Conference (EUE 2015) on 8 October, in Room 3, at 12 hours (https://lnkd.in/efpDKJw). @fpgil ... View more

NOVA IMS' GIS & Science MOOC (TecGEO) will be presented in Portuguese. You can join the course at https://www.miriadax.net/web/tecgeo-sistemas-geografica. Please click on the image below to see Professor Marco Painho (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/M_Painho) TecGEO course's presentation: Next, I present Professor Marco Painho TecGEO course's coordinator presentation resume in english: "Welcome to MOOC Science and Geographic Information Systems TecGEO! This is a fully free course and pioneer nationally in the subject area of  Geographic Information Systems and Science. The TecGEO course aims to provide its participants a comprehensive overview on the Geographic Information Systems (GIS), addressing different and diverse components of this scientific area, which consists of 6 modules that cover key theoretical issues and practices world of GIS". Additionally you can watch TecGEO's first module at TecGEO | Módulo 1: A Ciência e os Sistemas de Informação Geográfica - YouTube More information on https://www.miriadax.net/web/universidade-nova-de-lisboa Join us! ... View more

Cadastre, GIS, Geospatial Information integration and Railways. Cadastre, GIS and Geospatial Information integration The evolution of ICT (ICT is an umbrella term that encompasses all forms of computing, information technology, Internet, and telecommunications) location information infrastructures (also known as land information systems or services) in underpinning land administration is illustrated in Figure 37. The initial phase focuses on large-scale programs for capturing data by scanning records or conducting field surveys, with corresponding computerization of internal land administration processes. The next series of phases are all outward facing, improving the level of customer services and increasingly providing online services. Initially this effort involved providing extranet services to key customers; as Internet services matured, they supported an increasing number of information services and e-transactions. Finally, as interoperability among government agencies improves, radical changes and efficiencies will be achieved in delivering e-government services based on land administration (Mclaren & Stanley, 2011). Figure 37 - Evolution of ICT in Land Administration (Mclaren & Stanley, 2011) Nowadays, GIS Land Administration applications in a local, regional, national and trans-national levels are becoming a major integrator between different Land data sources. I choose two main topics, from the several pointed by (Dale & McLaren, 2005), to summarize this issue: As GIS and associated technologies mature and more data become available in computer form, the use of GIS for integrating land-related data becomes more opportune. Increased openness and integration of data are, however, more than technical issues and are often seen as a threat rather than as an opportunity. National Land Information Systems (NLIS) provide ease of access through the transparent integration of a diverse set of discrete datasets, many of them authoritative. Successful NLIS require common spatial referencing standards and appropriate GIS technology to support spatial data servers, federated DBMS, temporal management, high security, charging mechanisms, efficient WAN technology, and effective client customisation tools. In this context is presented GIS as the platform for Land Administration (Jones, 2013) in Figure 38.   Figure 38 - GIS - The platform for Land Administration (Jones, 2013) A new generation of GIS-based tools is now available, supported by maturing spatial data infrastructures, to enhance the interaction experience and effectiveness with the citizen. Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) is being applied to participatory community planning (Zhao and Coleman 2006) cit. by (Mclaren & Stanley, 2011) to help neighbourhood community groups and individuals use mapping and spatial analyses in community development and public participation. One of the most advanced and participatory e-planning portals is in Denmark (see http://plansystemdk.dk). The solution provides public access to all statutory land-use plans such as municipal plans and development plans (called a lokalplan), both adopted or proposed, across Denmark. The areas of the development plans can be displayed in combination with cadastral maps, topographic maps, orthophotos and other kind of land-use constraints, such as conservation areas and coastal protection zones. This open, transparent e-planning portal also serves as an authoritative legal register. It is an excellent example of land registration and cadastral information services being integrated into wider e-government services (Mclaren & Stanley, 2011). Cadastre and Railways Infrastructure Railway Managers and Operators are huge property owners, managing very relevant areas of the territory related with railway infrastructures and facilities. Due to historical reasons – railway is a centenary industry - and further developments, within this valuable real estate assets, there are significant possessions in urban and suburban environments associated to lines, railway stations, logistic terminals and interfaces, yards, workshops, etc (Mata, 2012). Each network, private or public, has its own context (world region, history, culture, values, leadership, …), but one thing is quite common among them regarding property and real estate control: information, when it exists, relies on old paper support deposited in “dark” basements of buildings or warehouses and it’s not an easy process to create knowledge from it under this conditions (Mata, 2012). According to (Mata, 2012), when we are referring to land cadastre, applied to railway land assets or generally speaking about the territory, we basically must relate two main variables: property and ownership. Further on, within a railway organization cadastre control (Figure 39) is quite an important issue to several activities that should be developed over a very same reality: the railway domain. Figure 39 – Cadastre Control (Ferbritas, 2012c) In conclusion, cadastre control is a basic and strategic issue (as illustrated in Figure 39 and Figure 40), not only from the point of view of taking advantage from possessions and profit from it, but also for the general performance of the organization and for its relations with external entities (Mata, 2012). Figure 40 - Why a Cadastre Information System? (Gil & Mata, 2011a) GIS and Railways Investing in current and reliable geodata is rewarding. There are lots of examples where efficiency gain can be attained but also an increase in safety and avoidance of damage to the environment. The public receive a better service, including the fast availability of substitute transport, shorter incident problem-solving times and prevention planning. Quality geodata should be a precondition for management in the railway sector and ideally one shouldn’t set up a business case for the improvement of data quality. In different countries there’s attention for BIM and geoinformation in the whole lifecycle of the railway network: from feasibility study, design and construction to the maintenance and management phase (van Driel & Zhao, 2012). Figure 41 presents a comprehensive list of railways activities where GIS support have a prominent role. Figure 41 - GIS and Railways (Bills, 2013) Railway managers, whether focused on passenger or freight delivery, can use the spatial and analytic components of GIS to efficiently manage assets, maximize throughput, and monitor safety. The ability to share maps and information online improves communication with your stakeholders, including customers (Esri, 2014), empowering entire railways infrastructure life-cycle management as presented in Figure 42. Figure 42 - GIS and Railway Management (Koeppel & Engstrom, 2012) PS: This text is extracted from my Master's Thesis in GIS and Science (published at http://hdl.handle.net/10362/13786) Dissertation's State of Art Chapter 2. Bibliography Bills, T., 2013. 4th International Rail GIS Summit. Esri - Opening and Closing Presentation. Paris, France, Union International de Chemin de Fer (UIC). Dale, P. F. & McLaren, R. A., 2005. GIS in land administration. In: Harlow & Longman, eds. Geographical Information Systems: Principles, Techniques, Management and Applications. Abridged Edition ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 859-875. Esri, 2014. GIS for Railways. [Online] Available at: http://www.esri.com/industries/railways [Accessed 10 04 2014]. Ferbritas, 2012c. FBSIC. Cadastre Information System.. [Online] Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/FernandoGil/cadastre-information-system-brochure-eng [Accessed 20 02 2014]. Gil, F. & Mata, L., 2011a. Cadastre Information System (FBSIC). [Online] Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/FernandoGil/cadastre-information-system-us-gis-rail-summit-2011 [Accessed 19 02 2014]. Jones, B., 2013. New Technology for Cadastral Systems. [Online] Available at: http://www.asiageospatialforum.org/2013/pdf/Brent%20Jones.pdf [Accessed 11 03 2014]. Koeppel, I. & Engstrom, T., 2012. GIS for Rail Executives. Paris, France, UIC. Mata, L., 2012. FBSIC – an innovative tool based on GIS technology. [Online] Available at: http://www.europeanrailwayreview.com/15700/err-magazine/past-issues/issue-5-2012/fbsic-an-innovative-tool-based-on-gis-technology/ [Accessed 07 04 2014]. Mclaren, R. & Stanley, V., 2011. Module 14: ICT FOR LAND ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT. [Online] Available at: http://www.ictinagriculture.org/sites/ictinagriculture.org/files/final_Module14.pdf [Accessed 09 03 2014]. van Driel, J. & Zhao, Y., 2012. Third International Esri Rail Summit. [Online] Available at: http://www.geoinformatics.com/blog/in-the-spotlight/third-international-esri-rail-summit [Accessed 10 04 2014]. ... View more

2.2. Cadastre 2.2.1. Cadastre definition 2.2.1.1. Before 1995 FIG Statement At Commission 7 Opening Address at the 1990 FIG Congress a set of clear and concise cadastral definitions were presented, as follows (Henssen & Williamson, 1990): Land Registration: is a process of official recording of rights in land through deeds or as title (on properties). It means that there is an official record (the land register) of rights on land or of deeds concerning changes in the legal situation of defined units of land. It gives an answer to the questions "who" and "how"; Cadastre: is a methodically arranged public inventory of data concerning properties within a certain country or district, based on a survey of their boundaries. Such properties are systematically identified by means of some separate designation. The outlines or boundaries of the property and the parcel identifier are normally shown on large-scale maps, which, together with registers, may show for each separate property the nature, size, value and legal rights associated with the parcel. It gives an answer to the questions "where" and "how much"; Land recording: land registration and cadastre usually complement each other; they operate as interactive systems. Land registration puts, in principle, the accent on the relation subject-right, whereas cadastre puts the accent on the relation right-object. In other words: the land registration answers the questions as to who and how the cadastre answers the questions as to where and how much; because land registration and cadastre ("who and how" along with "where and how much") complement each other, the terms "land recording" or "land records" are usually used to indicate these two components together as a whole. Often the term "land titling" is used instead of the term "land recording". In the previous cited work (Henssen & Williamson, 1990) it´s also concluded that an adequate land recording system (being a land registration system and a cadastre) consists of two basic parts: A descriptive part containing registers or files which record legal facts (deeds) or legal consequences (titles) and other physical or abstract attributes concerning the parcels depicted on the maps described below; A cartographic part, consisting of (large scale) maps, based on a survey, which contain the division into parcels of an area and with appropriate parcel identifiers.   Finally, (Henssen & Williamson, 1990) stated that, depending often on the author's discipline (e.g. lawyer, land surveyor or layman) and country of origin: the words land registration and cadastre are also used to indicate the organisational unit, which operates in the concerned field of recording; the word land registration concerns only the system of registration of title (English influence); land registration covers also the cadastral system; cadastre includes also land registration (e.g. in "legal cadastre" or "multipurpose cadastre").   2.2.1.2. FIG Statement on the Cadastre   A cadastre is normally a parcel based, and up-to-date land information system containing a record of interests in land (e.g. rights, restrictions and responsibilities). It usually includes a geometric description of land parcels linked to other records describing the nature of the interests, the ownership or control of those interests, and often the value of the parcel and its improvements. It may be established for fiscal purposes (e.g. valuation and equitable taxation), legal purposes (conveyancing), to assist in the management of land and land use (e.g. for planning and other administrative purposes), and enables sustainable development and environmental protection (FIG, 1995).   This definition frames the so called conventional LA systems which are based on the ‘parcel-based’ approach.   2.2.1.3. A wider inclusive view   According to (Augustinus, 2010) the greatest challenges to any country's cadastral system are the informal settlements. By 2030 the urban population of all developing regions, including Asia and Africa, will far outweigh the rural. This massive shift towards urbanisation over the next twenty years will be characterised by informality, illegality and unplanned settlements. Urban growth will be associated with poverty and slum growth. Today about one third of urban residents in the developing world live in slums which either lie outside the cadastre or the occupation of which does not match it.   The land industry needs rather to be developing appropriate tools for users across the spectrum, including the poor, women and men, and in different regions of the world, not just for the developed world. So, what needs to be developed is a pro-poor land-administration system (LAS) of completely different design, interoperable with current cadastral systems (Augustinus, 2010). This technical gap needs to be filled for a range of purposes, including: forest management; wetland management outside the register; customary tenure with layers of group rights; informal settlement inventory in preparation for upgrading; large-scale identification of land rights and claims following natural disaster, including multiple households inhabiting same dwelling unit, as a pre-cadastral step; development of claims database in post-conflict environments, including overlapping claims.   In this context, alternative representations of area’s and alternatives for traditional land surveys are needed. Traditional land surveys are costly and time consuming, and proved not to work in many situations in developing countries. Handheld GPS, or the use of satellite imagery, are considered to be inaccurate by the surveyor’s community; but this attitude results in a lack of LA coverage. There is a need for complete and up-to-date LA coverage. A more flexible system has to be based on a global standard like LADM, and it has to be manageable by the local community itself. It is here where the Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM) comes in. This kind of standardization allows for the integration of data collected by communities into a formal LA system at a later moment in time (Uitermark, et al., 2010). Furthermore, and according to (Roberge, 2010) developing countries, where the need for land-rights infrastructure is primary and resources are scarce, require light and low-cost solutions creating exact rather than accurate data. Figure 14 - A fit-for-purpose approach (Enemark, 2012) Reinforcing this idea, (Enemark, 2013) framing cadastre as the core engine for spatially enabled land administration, states that spatial enablement is not primarily about accuracy: it is about adequate identification, completeness and credibility. Systems should be built using a “fit for purpose‟ approach (presented in Figure 14) while accuracy can be incrementally improved over time when justifying serving the needs of citizens and society. In relation to the concept of the continuum of land rights such a fit for purpose approach could then be referred to as a “continuum of accuracy‟. A final reference to “The Continuum Paradigm” concept (Teo, 2012), that is framed and extends the “Land Rights Continuum” (UN-HABITAT, 2011) (UN-HABITAT, 2012a) (Teo, 2012b) notion to broader aspects of land systems, compose by a Continuum of Approaches (from less to more rigorous), a Continuum of Technology (from less to more sophisticate), a Continuum of Measurement (from less to more precise); and a Continual Tools Development (from complex to greater complexity) as shown in Figure 15. Therefore, (Teo, 2012) states that this would be the only way to build land systems, especially in developing countries, in order to address the realities of different sections of society. Figure 15 – The Continuum Paradigm (Teo, 2012) PS: This text is extracted from my Master's Thesis in GIS and Science (published at RUN: The implementation of an Enterprise Geographical Information System to support Cadastre and Expropriation activitie… ) Dissertation's State of Art Chapter 2. Bibliography Augustinus, C., 2010. Towards Cadastre 2034: Part II. Accuracy No Solution.[Online] Available at: http://www.gim-international.com/issues/articles/id1604-Towards_Cadastre__Part_II.html [Accessed 04 03 2014]. Enemark, S., 2012. Sustainable Land Governance: Three Key demands. [Online] Available at:http://www.fig.net/pub/fig2012/ppt/ts03a/TS03A_enemark_5998_ppt.pdf [Accessed 05 03 2014]. Enemark, S., 2013. FIT FOR PURPOSE: Building Spatial Frameworks for Sustainable and Transparent Land Governance. [Online] Available at:http://vbn.aau.dk/files/77941985/Washington_2013._Paper._Enemark._WB_Land_and_Poverty_Conf._docx.pdf [Accessed 05 03 2014]. FIG, 1995. FIG Commission 7 Statement on the Cadastre. [Online] Available at:www.fig.net/commission7/reports/cadastre/statement_on_cadastre.html [Accessed 15 07 2014]. Henssen, J. & Williamson, I., 1990. Land Registration, Cadastre and its Interaction - A World Perspective. [Online] Available at:http://www.csdila.unimelb.edu.au/publication/misc/anthology/article/artic5.htm [Accessed 03 03 2014]. Roberge, D., 2010. Towards Cadastre 2034: Part II. Time Will Tell. [Online] Available at: http://www.gim-international.com/issues/articles/id1604-Towards_Cadastre__Part_II.html [Accessed 04 03 2014]. Teo, C., 2012b. News 2012 - FIG, 6th World Urban Forum. Global Land Tool Network Roundtable. [Online] Available at:http://www.fig.net/news/news_2012/wuf6_sep_2012/fig_wuf6_gltn_roundtable_sep_2012.pdf [Accessed 10 03 2014]. Teo, C., 2012. Improving Land Governance on a Broad Basis: Professional’s Role.[Online] Available at:http://www.landandpoverty.com/agenda/pdfs/ppt/cheehai_powerpoint.pdf [Accessed 09 03 2014]. Uitermark, H., Van Oosterom, P., Zevenbergen, J. & Lemmen, C., 2010. From LADM/STDM to a Spatially Enabled Society: a Vision for 2025. [Online] Available at: http://repository.tudelft.nl/view/ir/uuid:be7833ff-8908-4aa4-bd45-0d0ddd56c0c8/ [Accessed 04 03 2014]. UN-HABITAT, 2011. Proceedings of the Governing Council of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme at its twenty-third session. [Online] Available at: http://www.uncsd2012.org/content/documents/UN-Habitat%20Resolution%20on%20Rio+20.pdf [Accessed 09 03 2014]. UN-HABITAT, 2012a. WORLD URBAN FORUM 6. ROUNDTABLE OF GLOBAL LAND TOOL NETWORK. [Online] Available at: http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/WUF6-Roundtable9-GlobalLandToolNetwork.pdf [Accessed 10 03 2014]. ... View more

The previous sections have been published in my later posts: Land Administration – Part 1 & Part 2, Land Management Paradigm, and Portugal Country Model Review. 2.1.5. The Global Land Tool Network (GLTN) The Global Land Tool Network (GLTN) is an alliance of global regional and national partners contributing to poverty alleviation through land reform, improved land management and security of tenure particularly through the development and dissemination of pro-poor and gender-sensitive land tools (GLTN, 2012). According to (GLTN, 2012a) a land tool is a practical way to solve a problem in land administration and management. It is a way to put principles, policies and legislation into effect. The term covers a wide range of methods: from a simple checklist to use when conducting a survey, a set of software and accompanying protocols, or a broad set of guidelines and approaches. The emphasis is on practicality: users should be able to take a land tool and apply it (or adapt it) to their own situation. To reach the overall goal of poverty alleviation through land reform, improved land management and security of tenure, the GLTN Partners are in the process of developing 18 key land tools (presented in Figure 13) which need to be addressed in order to deal with poverty and land issues at the country level, across all regions. Some of these tools are at an advanced stage of development and are being tested in selected countries (e.g. the Social Tenure Domain Model and Gender Evaluation Criteria), whereas others are still at the early stages of development (GLTN, 2012a). Figure 13 - GLTN Diagram Tools (GLTN, 2012a) The Land Tool Development section of the above referred website provides two links, i.e. Themes, in which the tools are embedded, and Cross Cutting Issues (GLTN, 2012a). 2.1.6. Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM) Where there is little land information, there is little or no land management. Conventional Land Administration Systems are based on the ‘parcel approach’ as applied in the developed world and implemented in developing countries in colonial times. A more flexible system is needed for identifying the various kinds of land tenure in informal settlements or in customary areas (Lemmen, 2010). Traditional land surveys are costly and time consuming. For this reason alternatives are needed; e.g. boundary surveys based on handheld GPS observations, or by drawing boundaries on satellite images. This means of course a different accuracy of co-ordinates. Surveyors understand this and surveyors are needed to provide quality labels and to improve the quality of co-ordinates at a later moment in time (Lemmen, 2010). In this same direction (Hespanha, et al., 2013) states that flexibility is needed in relation to the way of recording, the type of spatial units used, the inclusion of customary and informal rights, the data acquisition methodologies and in the accuracy of boundary delineation. It is less important to produce accurate maps. It is more important to have a complete cadastral index map and to know how accurate the map is. In this context, UN-HABITAT develops an initiative to support pro-poor land administration: The Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM). Because, as stated by (Augustinus, 2010a), currently, most poor people are not covered by a land administration system and its linked land information management system. This means that they do not benefit from these systems in regard to tenure security, planning and service delivery, slum upgrading, resolution of disputes and so on. STDM would make it possible for a country and/or local government to go to scale and include low-income people in their information systems and in their land delivery approaches. This would have a direct impact on the quality of life of the poor and on poverty reduction. It would also have a direct impact on the stabilisation and governance of cities, also through the empowerment of the poor. This is because it is not possible to create sustainable cities if the poor are not part of the solution. In fact, STDM is a ‘specialization’ of LADM, that means, structurally it is a little less complex than LADM, but it contains almost the same functionality of LADM, under different terminology STDM is meant specifically for developing countries, countries with very little cadastral coverage in urban areas with slums, or in rural customary areas. It is also meant for post conflict areas. The focus of STDM is on all relationships between people and land, independently from the level of formalization, or legality of those relationships (Lemmen, 2010). Moreover, the work presented in (Paasch, et al., 2013) paper show that it is possible to extend the Land Administration Domain Model, LADM and its code lists, using the Legal Cadastral Domain Model, LCDM and the Social Tenure Domain Model, STDM, to making it possible to describe non-formal rights, restrictions and responsibilities; it’s also recommended by the authors further research in this issue. In agreement with previously arguments (Hespanha, et al., 2013) states that LADM provides a generic data model for land administration based on common grounds. It is possible to use it in so-called informal and customary environments. This provides a basis to apply the model to support equal land rights for all. To support in avoidance of land grabbing by mapping the existing situation fast and with unconventional approaches as point cadastres, satellite images, boundary drawing instead of measuring, with participatory approaches, accepting errors and with the intention to improve quality later. With its broad functionality LADM can support in the development of concepts for land administration systems which can be in support administration of multiple types of tenure. This is also valid for the Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM). 2.1.7. Solutions for Open Land Administration (SOLA) To support the issues referred above, concerning computerised cadastre and registration systems in developing countries, was launched, in mid-2010, the Solutions for Open Land Administration (SOLA) Project. SOLA is an open source software system that aims to make computerised cadastre and registration systems more affordable and more sustainable in developing countries. Three countries (Samoa, Nepal and Ghana) have been identified for pilot implementation of the software (FAO, 2013). According to FIG/FAO booklet (FIG and FAO, 2010) the costs of proprietary software licenses have proved to be a constraint, but even more, the lack of capacity, models and support to develop software have stopped initiatives. Open-source software, which has become a credible alternative to proprietary software, provides a way forward. Open-source solutions are more flexible and adaptable to local conditions and languages than proprietary software. By using and improving open-source software, cadastres can build local knowledge and contribute to the development of open-source projects that can in turn benefit other cadastres worldwide. Finally, I would like to refer that, it is already possible to proceed with the installation of the SOLA Release Candidate Web Start applications, and install and configure the development tools used for SOLA, with the support of the SOLA Developer Setup Bundle (FAO, 2013). 2.1.8. Crowdsourcing land administration information According to (Mclaren, 2009) the ease and increasing use of GPS for data capture, adoption of data standards, the availability of Web 2.0 tools and the efficiency of mashups for managing and distributing the information are accelerating the growth of crowdsourcing and distributed citizen sensing. In this context, crowdsourcing is being used to improve public confidence in land administration records in several countries in Europe and Central Asia. Land records are now available through the Internet and citizens are encouraged to report discrepancies so they can be corrected (Tonchovska, et al., 2014). But, the challenge for land professionals is not just to replicate elements of their current services using crowdsourcing, but to radically rethink how land administration services are managed and delivered in partnership with citizens. Land administration by the people can become a distinctly 21st century phenomenon (Mclaren, 2011).   PS: This text is extracted from my Master's Thesis in GIS and Science (published at RUN: The implementation of an Enterprise Geographical Information System to support Cadastre and Expropriation activitie… ) Dissertation's State of Art Chapter 2. Bibliography Augustinus, C., 2010a. Social Tenure Domain Model: What It Can Mean for the Land Industry and for the Poor. [Online] Available at:https://www.fig.net/pub/monthly_articles/november_2010/november_2010_augustinus.html [Accessed 24 02 2014]. FAO, 2013. FLOSS SOLA - Solutions for Open Land Administration. [Online] Available at: http://www.flossola.org/home [Accessed 23 10 2013]. FIG and FAO, 2010. FLOSS in Cadastre and Land Registration. Opportunities and Risks. [Online] Available at: http://www.fig.net/pub/fao/floss_cadastre.pdf [Accessed 15 07 2014]. GLTN, 2012. About Us. [Online] Available at: http://www.gltn.net/index.php/about-us/about-gltn [Accessed 09 03 2014]. GLTN, 2012a. Introduction to Land Tools. [Online] Available at: http://www.gltn.net/index.php/land-tools/introduction-to-land-tools [Accessed 09 03 2014]. Hespanha, J. P., Ghawana, T., Lemmen, C. & Zevenbergen, J., 2013. Can LADM contribute to a more fair large scale land acquisition?. [Online] Available at:http://www.fig.net/pub/fig2013/papers/ts06a/TS06A_da_fonseca_hespanha_de_oliveira_ghawana_et_al_6442.pdf [Accessed 15 07 2014]. Lemmen, C., 2010. The Social Tenure Domain Model - A Pro-Poor Land Tool.[Online] Available at: https://www.fig.net/pub/figpub/pub52/figpub52.pdf [Accessed 04 03 2014]. Mclaren, R., 2009. The Role of Urban Sensing in Strengthening SDIs. [Online] Available at: https://gsdi.org/gsdiconf/gsdi11/papers/pdf/263.pdf [Accessed 11 07 2014]. Mclaren, R., 2011. Crowdsourcing Support of Land Administration – A Partnership Approach. [Online] Available at:https://www.fig.net/pub/monthly_articles/december_2011/Robin%20McLaren%20Paper%20Cadastre%202%200%20Innsbruck%20Conference%2002092011%20v3.pdf [Accessed 11 07 2017]. Paasch, J., Oosterom, P. v., Lemmen, C. & Paulsson, J., 2013. Specialization of the LADM - Modelling of Non-formal RRR. [Online] Available at: http://www.fig.net/news/news_2013/ladm2013/12.pdf [Accessed 15 07 2014]. Tonchovska, R., Pullar, N., Palmer, D. & Munro-Faure, P., 2014. Standards for Land Tenure and Administration. [Online] Available at: http://geospatialworld.net/Magazine/MArticleView.aspx?aid=30950 [Accessed 09 05 2014]. ... View more

The previous sections have been published in my posts: Land Administration – Part 1 and Part 2. 2.1.3. Land Management Paradigm The cornerstone of modern land administration theory is, according to (Williamson, et al., 2010), the land management paradigm, in which, land tenure, value, use and development are considered holistically as essential and omnipresent functions performed by organised societies (Figure 9). Figure 9 – The land management paradigm (Enemark, 2004) cit. by (Williamson, et al., 2010) Land management activities reflect drivers of globalization and technology. These stimulate the establishment of multifunctional information systems, incorporating diverse land rights, land use regulations, and other useful data. A third driver, sustainable development, stimulates demands for comprehensive information about environmental, social, economic, and governance conditions in combination with other land related data (Williamson, et al., 2010). In conclusion, modern land administration theory requires implementation of the land management paradigm to drive systems dealing with land rights, restrictions and responsibilities to support sustainable development. It also requires taking a holistic approach to management of land as the key asset of any jurisdiction (Williamson, et al., 2010). Moreover, in Figure 10 is presented (Zeeuw, et al., 2013) view of land administration in relation to sustainable development. Figure 10 - Land administration in relation to sustainable development (Zeeuw, et al., 2013) In Portugal, large steps towards land management paradigm implementation took place with the creation, in 2006, of the SiNErGIC project. The SiNErGIC project vision was to create, under the coordination of Portuguese Geographic Institute (IGP), the Unique Parcel Information according with a shift of paradigm in Public Administration of looking for integrated, articulated and add-value solutions. On the other hand, and in accordance with the vision, it was defined a set of main goals to create the information system infrastructure to serve citizens, owners as well as State allowing them to access in one-stop spot to legal, fiscal and spatial parcel characterization (Julião, et al., 2010) (Roque, 2009). Lately, SiNErGIC project is being reformulated in a new project designated the Cadastre Information National System (DGT, 2013). 2.1.4. Land Administration Domain Model 2.1.4.1. Goals and Basic Features The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) received ISO official approval as an official International Standard on 1st November 2012, as ISO 19152:2012 (ISO, 2012). LADM among other features, defines terminology for land administration, based on various national and international systems. LADM will serve two goals, mainly (Uitermark, et al., 2010): Provide a basis for the development of Land Administration systems (LA systems); Enable involved parties, both within one country and between different countries, to communicate, based on the shared vocabulary (that is, an ontology). On the other hand, LADM defines a reference model, covering basic information-related components of LA. Basic components relate to the following (Uitermark, et al., 2010): Parties (people and organizations). Rights, responsibilities, and restrictions (RRR’s). Spatial units (parcels, buildings and networks). Spatial sources (surveying). Spatial representations (geometry and topology). Additionally, and according to (Seifert, 2012) is shown in Figure 11 an overview of LADM packages (with their respective classes). Figure 11 - Overview of LADM packages (with their respective classes) (Seifert, 2012) (Hespanha, et al., 2013) state that LADM provides a generic data model for land administration based on common grounds. It is possible to use it in so-called informal and customary environments (Figure 12). This provides a basis to apply the model to support equal land rights for all. To support in avoidance of land grabbing by mapping the existing situation fast and with unconventional approaches as point cadastres, satellite images, boundary drawing instead of measuring, with participatory approaches, accepting errors and with the intention to improve quality later. With its broad functionality LADM can support in the development of concepts for land administration systems, which can support administration of multiple types of tenure. This is also valid for the Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM), presented later on in next post. Figure 12 - Further alignment with LADM developments is needed (Hespanha, et al., 2013) 2.1.4.2. Portugal Country Model Portugal Country Model is derived from the LADM focused on the geometric (Cadastral Survey and Mapping) and legal (Land Registry) components of the Cadastre, at “Development methodology for an integrated legal cadastre” (Hespanha, 2012) PhD thesis. In Portugal, modelling of the Cadastral Domain has evolved significantly from the end of XX century to the first decade of the XXI century, where based on the latest Portuguese specifications, there’s a focus on just two of the three forms of property: (1) private ownership and (2) local community ownership, omitting thus public domain ownership. The end result is the absence of a strict view of a planar partition, once there will be gaps over the country territory. Furthermore, consideration of transitional areas that are currently of an informal legal status, as the Deferred Cadastre or the Urban Areas of Illegal Genesis (AUGI, in Portuguese), will form areas that could overlap private Real Property parcels (Lemmen, et al., 2010). PS: This text is extracted from my Master's Thesis in GIS and Science (published at RUN: The implementation of an Enterprise Geographical Information System to support Cadastre and Expropriation activitie… ) Dissertation's State of Art Chapter 2. Bibliography DGT, 2013. Sistema Nacional de Informação Cadastral. [Online] Available at: http://www.dgterritorio.pt/sistemas_de_informacao/snic/ [Accessed 20 10 2013]. Enemark, S., 2004. Building Land Information Policies. Aguascalientes, Mexico, FIG. Hespanha, J. P., 2012. Development Methodology for an Integrated Legal Cadastre - Deriving Portugal Country Model from the Land Administration Domain Model.[Online] Available at:http://wiki.tudelft.nl/pub/Research/ISO19152/LadmPublications/DMILC_Thesis_v1.2.pdf [Accessed 15 07 2014]. Hespanha, J. P., Ghawana, T., Lemmen, C. & Zevenbergen, J., 2013. Can LADM contribute to a more fair large scale land acquisition?. [Online] Available at:http://www.fig.net/pub/fig2013/papers/ts06a/TS06A_da_fonseca_hespanha_de_oliveira_ghawana_et_al_6442.pdf [Accessed 15 07 2014]. ISO, 2012. ISO 19152:2012. Geographic information - Land Administration Domain Model (LADM). [Online] Available at: http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=51206 [Accessed 22 10 2013]. Julião, R. P., Roque, C. & Neto, J. P., 2010. SiNErGIC – A new approach to cadastre. [Online] Available at:http://www.fig.net/pub/fig2010/papers/ts02h%5Cts02h_juliao_roque_et_al_4215.pdf [Accessed 15 07 2017]. Lemmen, C. et al., 2010. The Modelling of Spatial Units (Parcels) in the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM). [Online] Available at: http://repository.tudelft.nl/view/ir/uuid:3306bb0d-9002-481a-9e7d-6c1f4ff81224/ [Accessed 24 02 2014]. Roque, C., 2009. Cadastro Predial Multifuncional. [Online] Available at:http://www.reformadoestado.gov.cv/index.php/component/docman/doc_download/412-cadastro-predial-multifuncional?Itemid=461 [Accessed 24 02 2014]. Seifert, M., 2012. Legal, Law, Cadastre. In: W. D. D. M. Kresse, ed. Springer Handbook of Geographic Information. Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 379-403. Uitermark, H., Van Oosterom, P., Zevenbergen, J. & Lemmen, C., 2010. From LADM/STDM to a Spatially Enabled Society: a Vision for 2025. [Online] Available at: http://repository.tudelft.nl/view/ir/uuid:be7833ff-8908-4aa4-bd45-0d0ddd56c0c8/ [Accessed 04 03 2014]. Williamson, I., Enemark, S., Wallace, J. & Rajabifard, A., 2010. Land administration for sustainable development. [Online] Available at:http://www.fig.net/pub/fig2010/papers/ts03a/ts03a_williamson_enemark_et_al_4103.pdf [Accessed 19 10 2013]. Zeeuw, K. d., Lemmen, C. & Barnasconi, G., 2013. Land Administration Products, Business Models and Commodities as Spin-off. [Online] Available at: http://www.conftool.com/landandpoverty2013/index.php?page=browseSessions&presentations=show&form_session=116&abstracts=show&metadata=show [Accessed 10 03 2014]. ... View more

According to the European Union Location Framework (EULF) Strategic Vision (v 0.3) (1) I present below a list (extracted from the previously cited study (1)), highlighting selected benefits studies in the areas of SDIs and INSPIRE, economic studies, e-Government, ICT standardisation and interoperability, and Open Data: SDIs and INSPIRE The INSPIRE Impact Assessment of 2003-4 (2) estimated benefits 7-10 times higher than costs, with savings of €200-300m p.a., a significant proportion in environmental reporting. The Catalonia SDI Study (2007) (3) estimated efficiency benefits of €2.6m p.a. and costs recovered in 6 months, and the Lombardia SDI Study (2009) (4) estimated 11% cost savings and 17% time savings in environmental reporting. A study of 15 e-Cadastres in Europe (5) estimated savings of €231bn p.a. compared with non-digital solutions. Evidence of benefits materialises once the infrastructure is in place and is being used. This process is reflected in benefits measurement initiatives in Finland (the GIS maturity model (6)), Denmark (the Business Case Model (7)), and the UK (Benefits Realisation Strategy (8)). Economic Studies ACIL Tasman conducted studies in Australia (2008) and New Zealand (2009) on the value of spatial information to the national economies (9). The Australian study found that in 2006/07 the spatial information industry generated revenues of A29.51€bn (€92bn) and contributed between A5.1€bn (€4.3bn) and A10.05€bn (€12.6bn) to GDP (equivalent to between 0.6% and 1.2% of GDP). The report also estimated that constraints on data access had reduced productivity in certain sectors by between 5% and 15%, resulting in GDP being around 7% lower in 2006/07 that it might otherwise have been. A study, commissioned by Google, and published in 2013, examined the global economic impact of Geo services (10). Among the main findings were that global revenues from Geo services are between 119.65€bn (€113bn) and 215.36€bn (€203bn) p.a. and that Geo services contribute to significant cost savings. e-Government An Australian study in 2003 (11) , surveyed 38 e-Government projects. Cost savings to public authorities were expected in 24 of these projects, with total savings of A79.76€m (€67m) against an investment of A86.15€m (€72m) (a benefit cost ratio of 92.5% or 61.1% if all projects were taken into account). A user survey estimated citizen cost savings of A11.66€ (€9.8) per transaction and business cost savings of A19.94€(€16) per transaction. In a similar study of 14 UK e-Government projects, all except one forecast positive returns and payback varied 4 months and 11.5 years, with an average of 4.8 years. ICT Standardisation and Interoperability A Booz Allen study for NASA on the use of geospatial interoperability standards (12) showed that there is a significant improvement in functionality and decrease in cost when using open as opposed to proprietary standards. Two projects were compared and the one using open standards had a risk-adjusted ROI of 163% and saved 26.2% compared to the project that relied on proprietary standards. In addition, maintenance and operation costs were lower, future projects using the same standards were cheaper to implement, and the open solution delivered 55% more value to its stakeholders. Open Data The Open Data Strategy for Europe, announced in 2011, encourages public authorities to make their data openly available for re-use. This is expected to deliver a €40bn boost to the EU economy. In a Commission survey, nearly 80% of respondents said they were prevented from making full use of location information - through issues with fees, licensing and lack of understanding. A review of public sector information (PSI) re-use by Vickery in 2011 (13) concluded that with easier access, improved infrastructure and lower barriers, the economic impacts from PSI applications and use across the EU27 economy in 2008 could have increased from €140bn to around €200bn. In the geospatial sector, economic benefits could increase by 10%-40% through improved access, use of data standards and building skills and knowledge. Productivity could be doubled with better policies and new markets could develop in finance, energy and construction.   Bibliography (1) EUROPEAN UNION LOCATION FRAMEWORKSTRATEGIC VISION (version 0.3), EC, 2013: http://ec.europa.eu/isa/actions/documents/isa-2.13_eulf-strategic-vision-lite-v0-3_final_en.pdf (2) Contribution to the Extended Impact Assessment for INSPIRE, 2003:http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/reports/fds_report.pdf (3)The Socio Economic Impact of the Spatial Data Infrastructure of Catalunya, JRC, 2008:http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/reports/Study_reports/catalonia_impact_study_report.pdf (4) The Socio Economic Impact of the Spatial Data Infrastructure in Regione Lombardia, JRC, 2011: http://www.gsdi.org/gsdiconf/gsdi11/slides/thurs/4.2d.pdf (5) Estimating Benefits of Spatial Data Infrastructures: A Case Study on e-Cadastres, 2012:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019897151200052X (6) Model for Assessing the GIS Maturity of an Organisation, 2011:http://www.gsdi.org/gsdiconf/gsdi13/papers/123.pdf (7) INSPIRE in Danish e-Government, 2012:http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/events/conferences/cost_benefits/Business_cases_in_DK.pdf (8) UK Location Programme, Benefits Realisation Strategy, 2012:http://data.gov.uk/library/uklp-benefits-realisation-strategy (9) The value of spatial information to the Australian and New Zealand economies, ACIL Tasman 2008/09 : http://www.anzlic.gov.au/#nz (10) What is the Economic Impact of Geo Services? - a report prepared by Oxera for Google, 2013: http://www.oxera.com/Oxera/media/Oxera/downloads/reports/What-is-the-economic-impact-of-Geo-services_1.pdf (11) Australian National Office for the Information Economy e-Government Benefits Survey, 2003: http://www.finance.gov.au/agimo-archive/__data/assets/file/0012/16032/benefits.pdf (12) NASA's Geospatial Standards ROI Study, 2004/05 - A Case Study from the Network Centric Operations Industry Consortium:https://www.ncoic.org/apps/group_public/download.php/16966/NASA%20Geospatial%20Standards.doc (13) Review of Recent Studies on PSI Re-use and Related Developments, Vickery 2011: http://www.umic.pt/images/stories/publicacoes6/psi_final_version_formatted-1.pdf ... 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2.1. Land Administration 2.1.1. Land This section has been published in my previous post: Land Administration – Part 1. 2.1.2. Land Administration Land administration is not a new discipline. It has evolved out of the cadastre and land registration areas with their specific focus on security of land rights (Williamson, et al., 2010). Land administration systems (LAS) are about addressing land tenure, land value, land use, and land development problems by providing a basic infrastructure for implementing land related policies and land management strategies to ensure social equity, economic growth and environmental protection. The evolution of LAS is influenced by the changing people to land relationships over the centuries. Even though Figure 6 depicts a Western example of this evolving relationship, a similar evolution can be plotted for most societies (Williamson, 2008). This diagram highlights the evolution from feudal tenures, to individual ownership, the growth of land markets driven by the Industrial Revolution, the impact of a greater consciousness about managing land with land use planning being a key outcome, and, in recent times, the environmental dimension and the social dimension in land (Ting and others, 1999) cit. by (Williamson, 2008). Figure 6 - Evolution of people to land relationship (Ting and others, 1999) cit. by (Williamson, 2008) On the other hand, land management is the issue of putting land resources into efficient use, meaning producing food, shelter and other products or preserving valuable resources for environmental or cultural reasons. Land administration is the governmental responsibility to provide security of tenure and information about tenure issues for property markets and governmental and private business activities (UN-HABITAT, 2012). Building effective and enduring land administration systems requires long-term investment and continuing support. Although land records are expensive to compile and to keep up to date, a good land administration system produces many benefits (UNECE, 2005). Likewise, one vision for a fully automated system would include more than just a GIS - other computer-based components such as document management system, database management system, and resolution of organizational and legal problems. Such a system would support not only mandated land records management responsibilities of local jurisdictions, but would also serve the needs of a broad range of actors using land information for a wide variety of programs and functions (Ventura, 1997). Though, land administration is part of the infrastructure that supports good land management it should be treated as a means to an end, not an end in itself (UNECE, 2005). So, land administration can be considered as basis for good governance, in fact, intelligent and effective land administration systems are a solid condition for good governance and economic development. This concerns developments regarding legal security (a basic requirement for investors), access to credit (mortgage), spatial planning (in support of economic and environmental development) and effective and efficient land taxation. In case this is not well organised, there may be many disputes, frustrating efficient land use. Therefore, protection of ownership through property registers is an important condition for good governance and sustainable economic development (de Zeeuw & Salzmann, 2011). CheeHai Teo goes further on (Lemmen, 2013) to explain ‘fit for purpose’ we could, in a simplistic manner, say the following: it has to be applicable, it has to be appropriate – relevant to the contexts we are working with – and it has to be affordable. Therefore, when designing our intervention, we need to carefully consider the context and culture, the capacities and scale, the opportunities and options, the ability to innovatively and incrementally enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the intervention at that point in time. And all of that with an eye on achieving maximum benefits. In fact, an effective land administration is more than the provision of a register. Good data acquisition, management and distribution is essential, but if E-governance and a spatial enabled society are in place, it’s impact on good governance can be improved substantially (Zeeuw, et al., 2013). So, as stated at (Enemark, 2013) the need to address land management issues systematically pushes the design of LAS towards an enabling infrastructure for implementing land policies. Such a global land administration perspective is presented in Figure 7. Figure 7 - A global land administration perspective (Enemark, 2004) The four land administration functions are different in their professional focus. Even if land administration is traditionally centred on cadastral activities, modern LAS deliver an essential infrastructure and encourage integration of the processes related to land tenure (securing and transferring land rights); land value (valuation and taxation of land); land use (planning and control of the use of land); and land development (implementing utilities, infrastructure and construction planning). The four functions interact to deliver overall policy objectives, and they are facilitated by appropriate land information infrastructures that include cadastral and topographic datasets linking the built and natural environment (Enemark, 2013). Lately, the land administration sector is developing data, standards, technologies and infrastructures as the basis for good land administration practices. In setting up a system, products should be used and developed, considering two important aspects according to (Zeeuw, et al., 2013): 1. The required investment made in tools and products, to make it possible. The investment that is needed in setting up a LAS can be defined by three components (in each, I refer a group of select features mentioned in the original work): a. Data and standards (…) b. A method for the collection of data, management of the systems (software) and the distribution of data, information and knowledge (…) data distribution - internet based web services (Web mapping Services, (WMS) and Web Feature Services (WFS)), introducing new concepts like Software As A Service (SAAS)); c. Choices on the system: people and organisations, service levels and infrastructure. The LAS service level is highly society dependent. For example, the notary and banking system in The Netherlands asks for a 24/7 availability and double back- up system of cadastral and land registry information, provided through WMS and WFS services. As a result, land administration has become fully integrated in the Dutch economic system; (...) 2. The required return on investment in products, processes and services, to make it feasible:a. Based on the societal demand, strategic decisions should be made (…) b. Return on investment can be obtained on data, information and knowledge or a mixture of these. For example, the Dutch Kadaster manages a database with more than nine million parcels (spatial and legal data). On yearly basis, about 25% of the Kadasters turn- over is generated by the provision of information products derived from this database.   Furthermore, the benefits of good land administration according to (Mclaren & Stanley, 2011) are shown in Figure 8. Figure 8 - Benefits of Good Land Administration (Mclaren & Stanley, 2011)   Nevertheless, and according to (Enemark, et al., 2014), the approach used for building land administration systems in less developed countries should be flexible and focused on citizens’ needs, such as providing security of tenure and control of land use, rather than focusing on top-end technical solutions and high accuracy surveys. A fit-for-purpose approach includes the following elements: Flexible in the spatial data capture approaches to provide for varying use and occupation. Inclusive in scope to cover all tenure and all land. Participatory in approach to data capture and use to ensure community support. Affordable for the government to establish and operate, and for society to use. Reliable in terms of information that is authoritative and up-to-date. Attainable in relation to establishing the system within a short timeframe and within available resources. Upgradeable with regard to incremental upgrading and improvement over time in response to social and legal needs and emerging economic opportunities.   A final reference to the Land Governance Assessment Framework (LGAF), a diagnostic tool, intended as a first step to help countries deal with land governance issues.The core version of LGAF comprises a set of detailed indicators to be rated on a scale of precoded statements (from lack of good governance to good practice) based, where possible, on existing information.   These indicators are grouped within five broad thematic areas that have been identified as major areas for policy intervention in the land sector (Deininger, et al., 2012): Legal and institutional framework (…) Land use planning, management, and taxation (...) Management of public land (…) Public provision of land information (…) Dispute resolution and conflict management (…)   Therefore, the LGAF provides a holistic diagnostic review at the country or regional levels that can inform policy dialogue in a clear and targeted manner (Enemark, et al., 2014). PS: This text is extracted from my Master's Thesis in GIS and Science (published at RUN: The implementation of an Enterprise Geographical Information System to support Cadastre and Expropriation activitie… ) Dissertation's State of Art Chapter 2. Bibliography de Zeeuw, K. & Salzmann, M., 2011. Cadastral innovation driven by society: evolution or revolution?. [Online] Available at:http://www.fig.net/pub/fig2011/papers/ts01b/ts01b_dezeeuw_salzmann_4873.pdf [Accessed 05 03 2014]. Deininger, K., Selod, H. & Burns, A., 2012. The Land Governance Assessment Framework. Identifying and Monitoring Good Practice in the Land Sector.. [Online] Available at:https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/2376/657430PUB0EPI1065724B09780821387580.pdf?sequence=1 [Accessed 15 07 2014]. Enemark, S., 2004. Building Land Information Policies. Aguascalientes, Mexico, FIG. Enemark, S., 2013. FIT FOR PURPOSE: Building Spatial Frameworks for Sustainable and Transparent Land Governance. [Online] Available at:http://vbn.aau.dk/files/77941985/Washington_2013._Paper._Enemark._WB_Land_and_Poverty_Conf._docx.pdf [Accessed 05 03 2014]. Enemark, S., Bell, K. C., Lemmen, C. & McLaren, R., 2014. Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration. [Online] Available at: http://www.fig.net/pub/figpub/pub60/Figpub60.pdf [Accessed 17 03 2014]. Lemmen, C., 2013. A Paradigm Shift. [Online] Available at: http://www.fig.net/news/gim/13_12__Interview.pdf [Accessed 24 02 2014]. Mclaren, R. & Stanley, V., 2011. Module 14: ICT FOR LAND ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT. [Online] Available at:http://www.ictinagriculture.org/sites/ictinagriculture.org/files/final_Module14.pdf [Accessed 09 03 2014]. UNECE, 2005. Land Administration in the UNECE Region. Development trends and main principles.. [Online] Available at: http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/documents/2005/wpla/ECE-HBP-140-e.pdf [Accessed 15 07 2014]. UN-HABITAT, 2012. Global Land Tool Network - Theme 3: Land Administration and Information. [Online] Available at: http://www.gltn.net/index.php/land-tools/themes/land-administration-and-information [Accessed 04 03 2014]. Ventura, S. J., 1997. Land Information Systems and Cadastral Applications. [Online] Available at: http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/giscc/units/u164/u164.html [Accessed 10 02 2014]. Williamson, I., 2008. Using Cadastres to Support Sustainable Development. [Online] Available at:https://www.fig.net/pub/monthly_articles/april_2008/april_2008_williamson.pdf [Accessed 06 03 2014]. Williamson, I., Enemark, S., Wallace, J. & Rajabifard, A., 2010. Land administration for sustainable development. [Online] Available at:http://www.fig.net/pub/fig2010/papers/ts03a/ts03a_williamson_enemark_et_al_4103.pdf [Accessed 19 10 2013]. Zeeuw, K. d., Lemmen, C. & Barnasconi, G., 2013. Land Administration Products, Business Models and Commodities as Spin-off. [Online] Available at: http://www.conftool.com/landandpoverty2013/index.php?page=browseSessions&presentations=show&form_session=116&abstracts=show&metadata=show [Accessed 10 03 2014]. ... View more

2.1. Land Administration 2.1.1. Land The concept of land includes properties, utilities, and natural resources, and encompasses the total natural and built environment within a national jurisdiction, including marine areas (Williamson, et al., 2010). Land can be viewed from a variety of perspectives, depending on the context within which it is being discussed, as exposed in Figure 4. Figure 4 - Perspectives on land (United Nations, 2004) Therefore, land has many different meanings in a society, and even to the same person. Those could include (Zevenbergen, 2002): economical asset (for industry, but especially for commercial farming); social security (especially for subsistence farming); place to live (compare the Habitat Global Campaign on Secure Tenure); ‘a family heirloom’ (like castles and mansions in England): power base for jurisdictions (governments in exile miss this very much); place to put down transport links; places of social-cultural importance (worship, historical monuments etc.), etcetera. The way it is ‘defined’ differs between those approaches. Land is preliminary defined by the use of patterns, which if enough individualized and supported at some point by a legal construct, can be ‘owned’. Even then a difference can exist between ownership and use (…) (Zevenbergen, 2002). The role of land in the economy of each nation is not always obvious, but is of great significance. Without secure land rights there can be no sustainable development, for there will be little willingness by local people and by foreigners to make long-term investments. At least 20% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of most nations comes from land, property and construction (UNECE, 2005). The land sector in a particular country is evidently a complex system composed by quite an extensive list of technical and legal aspects that have direct impact on economic development and environmental as well as social dimensions. Land policy, as the overall guideline for the formulation of regulatory frameworks and tools with respect to land and stating the values and objectives to be followed by the land sector, sets the basis for the construction of healthy land tenure systems (Antonio, et al., 2014). As shown in Figure 5, under these frame conditions, there are a number of hierarchical levels. In this regard, Enemark (2009) cited by (Antonio, et al., 2014), argues that this hierarchy shows the complexity of organizing policies, institutions, processes, and information for dealing with land in society. This conceptual understanding provides the overall guidance for building a land administration system in a given society, independent of the level of development. The hierarchy should also provide guidance for adjusting or reengineering an existing land administration system. Figure 5 - A comprehensive representation of the land sector (Magel, Klaus and Espinoza, 2009), based on Enemark, 2006 cited by (Antonio, et al., 2014) It is now internationally accepted that poverty, land rights, conflict and the sustainable use of natural resources are correlated, and that secure access to land for the rural poor is fundamental to improving their livelihoods. Furthermore, asset ownership by the poor is increasingly recognized as essential to sustained, broad-based economic growth (ILC, 2005). Land is thus a scarce resource involving a wide range of rights and responsibilities. When poorly managed, it can become contentious often leading to disputes, conflict, degradation and other problems, all of them drivers of slum development and poverty in urban areas (Clos, 2011). PS: This text is extracted from my Master's Thesis in GIS and Science (published at RUN: The implementation of an Enterprise Geographical Information System to support Cadastre and Expropriation activitie… ) Dissertation's State of Art Chapter 2. Bibliography Antonio, D., Espinoza, J., Kirk, M. & Mabikke, S., 2014. Securing land tenure in fourteen countries: Historical perspectives, challenges and opportunities. [Online] Available at: https://www.conftool.com/landandpoverty2014/index.php/Antonio-224-224_paper.pdf?page=downloadPaper&filename=Antonio-224-224_paper.pdf&form_id=224&form_version=final [Accessed 22 03 2014]. Clos, J., 2011. Message from the Executive Director. [Online] Available at: http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=3165 [Accessed 09 03 2014]. ILC, 2005. Sharing Knowledge and Building Networks. [Online] Available at:http://www.landcoalition.org/sites/default/files/legacy/legacypdf/nsp_kp_sum05.pdf?q=pdf/nsp_kp_sum05.pdf [Accessed 14 03 2014]. UNECE, 2005. Land Administration in the UNECE Region. Development trends and main principles.. [Online] Available at: http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/documents/2005/wpla/ECE-HBP-140-e.pdf [Accessed 15 07 2014]. United Nations, 2004. Guidelines real property units. [Online] Available at:http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/documents/2005/wpla/Guidelines_On_Real_Property_Identifiers.pdf [Accessed 06 03 2014]. Williamson, I., Enemark, S., Wallace, J. & Rajabifard, A., 2010. Land administration for sustainable development. [Online] Available at:http://www.fig.net/pub/fig2010/papers/ts03a/ts03a_williamson_enemark_et_al_4103.pdf [Accessed 19 10 2013]. Zevenbergen, J., 2002. Systems of Land Registration. Aspects and Effects. [Online] Available at:http://www.researchgate.net/publication/35958992_Systems_of_land_registration__aspects_and_effects_ [Accessed 03 03 2014]. ... View more

Societies can be regarded as spatially enabled where location and spatial information are regarded as common goods made available to citizens and businesses to encourage creativity and product development’ (Williamson et al., 2006) cit. by (Rajabifard, et al., 2010). More recently, a reference to UNRCC-PCGIAP Kuala Lumpur Declaration on Spatially Enabled Government and Society (FIG, 2012), cited by (Teo, 2013), points towards a similar direction: Spatially enabled Government and Society, recognizing that all activities and events have a geographical and temporal context, make decisions and organize their affairs through the effective and efficient use of spatial data, information and services; and Spatial enablement, that is the ability to add location to almost all existing information, unlocks the wealth of existing knowledge about social, economic and environmental matters, and can play a vital role in understanding and addressing the many challenges that we face in an increasingly complex and interconnected world. Additionally, and according to (Wallace, et al., 2010), spatially enabled societies demand accurate and timely information about land: land information provides the link between people and activities, within an ecosystem illustrated in Figure 1.1. Figure 1.1 - Locate, connect and deliver spatial information (Rajabifard, 2009) But, to achieve the benefits of spatial enablement, people who design and build systems need to set up the right foundations. Future directions associated with realizing spatially enabled societies will need to include a focus on creating awareness of the importance of maintaining existing spatial and land infrastructures. The modern challenge is to redesign the existing tools used to perform fundamental business processes in order to achieve much more relevant results across society (Williamson, et al., 2011). Moreover, spatially enabling Governments and societies for sustainable land administration and management will require structural changes in the institutional, legislative and professional domains as well as embracing Open Standards, interoperability (systems, institutional and legislative), culture of collaboration and sharing, avoiding duplication such as mapping once, use many times, encourage the incorporation of volunteered information and developing platforms by locating, connecting and delivering information from difference scales, purposes and origins (Teo, 2012a), as illustrated in Figure 1.2. Figure 1.2 - From Data to Informed Decisions and Sustainable Actions (Teo, 2013) In fact, according to (Steudler & Rajabifard, 2012) spatial is everywhere and our ability to leverage and harness the ubiquity of spatial information will correlate to benefits in terms of wealth creation, social stability and environmental management. Spatial information intrinsically reflects the relationship between people and land by connecting activities to location. Additionally, see also Wallace vision of place as an important factor to improve information manageability illustrated in Figure 1.3. Location is increasingly regarded as the fourth driver in decision-making, in addition to social, economic and environmental drivers. Consequently, land-related information has a key role in spatial enablement where good land governance can facilitate the delivery of a spatially enabled government to respond to the global agenda and achieve sustainable development. Societies and their governments need to become spatially enabled in order to have the right tools and information at hand to take the right decisions (Steudler & Rajabifard, 2012). Figure 1.3 - Place as an important factor to improve information manageability (Wallace 2007) cit. by (Rajabifard, et al., 2010) PS: This text is extracted from my Master's Thesis in GIS and Science (published at RUN: The implementation of an Enterprise Geographical Information System to support Cadastre and Expropriation activitie… ) Dissertation's State of Art chapter Annex 1 - Spatially Enabled Government and Society. Bibliography FIG, 2012. Kuala Lumpur Declaration on Spatially Enabled Government and Society. [Online] Available at:http://www.fig.net/news/news_2012/kl_seminar_feb_2012/KL%20Declaration%20on%20SEGS.pdf [Accessed on 18 03 2014]. Rajabifard, A., 2009. Realizing Spatially Enabled Societies – A Global Perspective in Response to Millennium Development Goals. [Online] Available at:http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/RCC/docs/rccap18/IP/18th_UNRCCAP_econf.100_IP4.pdf [Accessed on 18 03 2014]. Rajabifard, A., Crompvoets, J., Kalantari, M. & Kok, B., 2010. Spatially Enabled Societies. [Online] Available at: http://soc.kuleuven.be/io/english/research/publication/book-spatially-enabling-society-research-emerging-trends-and-critical-assessment [Accessed on 18 03 2014]. Steudler, D. & Rajabifard, A., 2012. Spatially Enabled Society. [Online] Available at: http://www.fig.net/pub/figpub/pub58/figpub58.pdf [Accessed on 04 03 2014]. Teo, C., 2012a. Land Governance in a Rapidly Changing Environment - World Bank Conference. [Online] Available at: http://www.fig.net/news/news_2012/wb_washington_april_2012.htm [Accessed on 09 03 2014]. Teo, C., 2013. Spatially Enabled Society. [Online] Available at:http://papersmartv4.unmeetings.org/media/3828855/e_conf_103_35_fig_10unrcca_new_york.pdf [Accessed on 18 03 2014]. Wallace, J. et al., 2010. Spatially Enabling Land Administration: Drivers, Initiatives and Future Directions for Australia. [Online] Available at: http://soc.kuleuven.be/io/english/research/publication/book-spatially-enabling-society-research-emerging-trends-and-critical-assessment [Accessed on 18 03 2014]. Williamson, I., Rajabifard, A., Wallace, J. & Bennett, R., 2011. Spatially Enabled Society. [Online] Available at:http://www.fig.net/pub/fig2011/papers/ts02b/ts02b_williamson_rajabifard_et_al_5385.pdf [Accessed on 18 03 2014]. ... View more

Cyberland, towards an Ubiquitous Intelligent Land (part 2) In the next points I’ll make reference to some research examples of ubiquitous positioning applied to Cadastre in Korea and Malaysia (mainly based on radio frequency identification technology (RFID)), to US and European patents to securing a land surveyor’s mark based on use of a radio frequency identifier tag, and to (Becek, 2014) proposition towards an active data acquisition method. In the Korean case “A Study on the U-cadastral Space Data Modeling in Korea” (Tcha, 2006) proposes that in order to enhance public service by using the characteristics of cadastre, use of computerized graphical cadastral maps has to be more frequent. In order to support the function of surpassing time and space, reforming method as follows are needed. Namely, U-Cadastral Data Model is connected to the Ubiquitous communication system of electronic tag method which can maintain descriptive data on boundary on the ground, and should be developed as follows (Tcha, 2006): In cadastral management system, it is one way system focusing managing it. However, in case of Ubiquitous, it plays a role of a provider of information by n:m free space, supplying service both ways in real time. Through the method of setting up database of boundary point and standardization of it, the model of U-Cadastre is established. In this case, coordinate system for space recognition is maintained in RFID by data application of current cadastral map system and ITRF. Both the descriptive type of relative location information and absolute type of information on the field should be obtained in order to form management model of cadastral boundary points, operating mutually and being more stable than the current system.   On the other hand, in Malaysian case “Integration of Multi-Sensor for Modern Cadastral Boundary Mark: First Experience” (Musliman, et al., 2012), is presented ubiquitous positioning by integrating of multi-sensor and mobile database management system as an ICT innovation implemented to support modern Malaysian cadastral system and infrastructure. This research also could be seen as a contribute in terms of infrastructure for modern cadastral boundary mark.In (Musliman, et al., 2012) research is proposed a ubiquitous positioning approach into existing workflow of eKadaster system (Mohd Yusoff, et al., 2013) of Department of Surveying and Mapping Malaysia (JUPEM). Therefore, RFID integrating with GPS technology is used to get non-spatial information and to navigate cadastral boundary mark easily in term of providing a low cost technology solution. Signal from GPS can be derived to determine the position of cadastral boundary mark. The RFID tag will activated or ‘wake up’ when it passes through a radio frequency range and send back response to RFID reader. Useable alternative of geo-location is to install RFID tags at specific landmarks (or points of interest) and if the user is in range, the tag information with its location can be retrieved. This would lead to the concept of active landmarks such as modern cadastral boundary mark (Musliman, et al., 2012). This ubiquitous positioning for cadastral boundary mark system architecture is presented in Figure 2.2.   Figure 2.2 – Ubiquitous positioning for cadastral boundary mark system architecture (Musliman, et al., 2012)   Still according to (Musliman, et al., 2012) future research will concentrate more on integrating Internet Differential GPS (DGPS) correction for better position accuracy and introducing digital compass with the RFID for better tag discovery.Other Malaysian example can be found at “RFID-Based Cadastral Boundary Mark System (RCBMS)“ 2014 FIG congress presentation (Musa, et al., 2014). In this paper, a RFID-based cadastral boundary mark system (RCMBS) is discussed, following a presentation of ubiquitous positioning by integrating multi-sensor and mobile database management system as an ICT innovation, which can provide benefits to the cadastral surveying community, such as aiding users in finding and/or updating information on cadastral boundary mark on site (Musa, et al., 2014).Furthermore, according to (Retscher, et al., 2006) the significant advantages of RFID are the miniaturised unit, non-contact, non-line-of-sight nature of the technology. Some tags can be read through a variety of substances such as concrete, snow, fog, ice, paint, and other environmentally challenging conditions which cannot be achieved with barcodes or other optically read technologies. RFID tags can also be read in these circumstances at an amazing speed (< 10 milliseconds).   Moreover, (Retscher, et al., 2006) presented a RFID positioning system for indoor and outdoor location determination of a pedestrian proposing that RFID beacons are installed at known locations in the surrounding environment (e.g. at active landmarks, street crossings, entrances of buildings and offices, at regular distances inside buildings, etc.). Users of the system are equipped with a portable RFID reader module. If the tag’s information can be retrieved the user is located in a cell of circular shape with the location of the tag in the centre and a radius equal to the possible read range of the tag. The used location method is referred to as Cell of Origin (CoO) and this concept is also employed for the location determination of mobile or cellular phones. Several tags located in the smart environment can overlap and define certain cells that intersect. The position of the user can therefore be determined using a network of tags which can be made available in a database.   I present in the following points two examples of patents (USA and Europe) aiming to securing a land survey mark based on the use of a radio frequency identifier tag: European patent – EP 2035775 B1: Apparatus for securing a land survey mark based on the use of a radio frequency identifier tag (Secondo, et al., 2009); and USA patent – US 20120326872 A1: Securing a land surveyor’s mark based on use of a radio frequency identifier tag (Bauchot, et al., 2012). Another approach, framed in the IoT, is propose by (Becek, 2014) opposing to actual methods used in geomatics which are based on a ‘passive’ way of spatial and attribute data acquisition on geographical objects. The adjective ‘passive’ means that an object of interest is simply just a subject of measurements and observations. However, in the context of IoT technology, an alternative situation is imaginable, which could be described as ‘active’ data acquisition. In this scenario, the object of interest makes all relevant data on its position, navigation and attributes readily available to an inquiring agent. So, the role of a surveyor would be reduced from facilitating data flow from a field to a map to just quering objects in the area of interest for relevant data via an IoT-enabled interface. This kind of arrangement means that all geographical objects would need to possess sensors to represent them in the IoT network. Obviously, these sensors must also be able to keep the data and metadata records assigned to objects in an updated state at all times. A basic requirement for creating such an IoT-enabled sensor is that each geographical object must be assigned a unique IP address (Becek, 2014). Final notes We should certainly not underestimate the technical and conceptual challenges of extending existing core Internet services to accommodate multi-dimensional data natively. However, the prospect of gaining accurate spatio-temporal context for many, if not all, Web resources and applications, while avoiding the complex and brittle manual configuration steps required today, is a prize worth striving for. The Internet of Places is a Web which sees and fuses information together in ways much more like our human imagining than simple keyword searches and mash-ups. In building the next generation of Web information services, we will need to dissolve the artificial barriers that surround spatio-temporal and other multi-dimensional data, and doing so will bring the substance of the virtual world an intuitive step closer (Conti, et al., 2011). Finally, and according to (Becek, 2014) there is no doubt that a variety of societal, sociological, psychological, economic, legal and technical challenges must be faced before the fully operational real-time mapping based on IoT technology will become a reality. These various challenges are normal obstacles during a transition phase from the old paradigm to the new paradigm for all human activities, including geomatics. In geomatics, the dynamics of this paradigm change will be controlled by development of the Internet of Things. Moreover, rapid progress in the field of IoT is almost unavoidable, because 'A world where physical objects are seamlessly integrated into the information network, and where the physical objects can become active participants in business processes' (Haller, 2009) cited by (Becek, 2014) is already here and expanding. PS: This text is extracted from my Master's Thesis in GIS and Science (published at RUN: The implementation of an Enterprise Geographical Information System to support Cadastre and Expropriation activitie… ) Dissertation's State of Art chapter Annex 2 - Cyberland, towards an Ubiquitous Intelligent Land. Bibliography Bauchot, F., Marmigere, G. & Secondo, P., 2012. Securing a land surveyor's mark based on use of a radio frequency identifier tag. USA, Patent No. US 20120326872 A1. Becek, K., 2014. The Internet of Things: Are We at the Fringes of a Paradigm Shift in Geomatics?. [Online] Available at: http://www.fig.net/pub/fig2014/papers/ts01e/TS01E_becek_7042.pdf [Accessed 01 07 2014]. Conti, G., Amicis, R. D., Prandi, F. & Watson, P., 2011. The “Internet of Places”.[Online] Available at: http://www.directionsmag.com/articles/the-internet-of-places/190701 [Accessed 01 07 2014]. Haller, S., 2009. Internet of Things: An Integral Part of the Future Internet.. [Online] Available at: http://services.future-internet.eu/images/1/16/A4_Things_Haller.pdf [Accessed 03 07 2017]. Mohd Yusoff, M. Y. et al., 2013. Ekadaster: A Learning Experience For Malaysia.[Online] Available at:http://www.fig.net/pub/fiji/papers/ts%201a_mohd_yusoff_jamil_et_al_6737.pdf [Accessed 03 07 2014]. Musa, T. A. et al., 2014. RFID–Based Cadastral Boundary Mark System (RCBMS).[Online] Available at:http://www.fig.net/pub/fig2014/papers/ts10a/TS10A_musa_omar_et_al_6865_abs.pdf [Accessed 03 07 2014]. Musliman, I. A., Musa, T. A. & Omar, K. M., 2012. Integration of Multi-Sensorfor Modern Cadastral Boundary Mark: First Experience. [Online] Available at:http://www.mygeoportal.gov.my/sites/default/files/Pageflip_gallery/bgsa2_2012/files/assets/basic-html/page8.html [Accessed 03 07 2014]. Retscher, G., Zhang, K., Zhang, S. & Wang, Y., 2006. RFID and GNSS for indoor and outdoor positioning--Two different case studies.. European Journal of Navigation, Volume 4, pp. 49-54. Secondo, P., Marmigere, G. & Bauchot, F., 2009. Apparatus for securing a land survey mark based on the use of a radio frequency identifier tag. Europe, Patent No. EP 2035775 B1. Tcha, D.-K., 2006. A Study on the U-Cadastral Space Data Modeling in Korea.[Online] Available at: http://www.fig.net/pub/fig2006/papers/ts60/ts60_06_tcha_0430.pdf [Accessed 03 07 2014]. ... View more

1. Cadastre Information System for Rail in Portugal 1.1. Why a Cadastre Information System? Ferbritas decided to move forward with FBSIC implementation on May 2009, for purely internal reasons towards production processes improving, aiming productivity and efficiency increasing concerning land acquisition processes, which final aim is ensure the availability of sites for national rail infrastructure construction works (Figure 1). Figure 1 – Availability of site for construction (Gil & Mata, 2011c) Business demands that expropriations projects have to deliver various documents (drawings, spreadsheets, reports), thus information after being collected and consolidated, has to be distributed to a wide set of reports with completely different formats. Moreover, tools and methodologies available on early 2009 implied that many hours were lost into numerous files and folders manipulation and subsequent digital drawings reports information incorporation, with lots of time lost only with its composition. Difficulties soon arise, first, in the assembly of the whole process, but they are intensified soon after if there would be a need for an update. In this case, there is a need to replicate the updated information so many times and how often it was initially distributed by different formats or files. The facts above described framed company awareness to proceed with a solution implementation to highly improve the way information was traditionally captured and transformed; to enable right information to be found and shared across the enterprise, boosting its use in a productively manner; and to provide users with day-to-day tools and capabilities integration, where the majority of the procedures would be automated and within reach of a click (therefore, when someone needed to produce a map or report, this document should be preset and obtained by access to a tool, in a simple manner, according to the context in which the user is in the solution and problem that had to be solve). 1.2. FBSIC planning stage The process started with collecting and processing cadastre and expropriation information from the “foundations” and continued building up the collection of valuable information that the company already had, seeking its immediate availability to the customer and all internal specialties. Geographic information technology was adopted and a solution developed, that was properly integrated with other information subsystems of the organization, focused on the production and business management. First we proceeded to update the design of the technical and business processes, then the objectives were detailed and the technological platform selected, which were the preconditions to start the project. From this point, the implementation process followed a standard design with the establishment of requirements, functional analysis, application design and related developments. 1.3. FBSIC implementation stage Initially, a prototype was developed to support better decisions on the system to implement. In next stage, we proceeded with the Cadastre Information System (FBSIC) implementation. Below, in Figure 2 is presented an illustration composed of several images: FBSIC Central Module interface (v1.0) (as background image); examples of module outputs and overview images (on top of the base image). Figure 2 - Cadastre Information System (v1.0) (Gil & Mata, 2011e) The project team was designed to adequately cover the needs of business and was therefore composed by functional units’ elements that have business "know-how”, coordinated by a GIS team and supported by an information systems team, with direct involvement of the first level of management. Another condition, that was also essential to promote internal and external resources integration, was performing the work at Ferbritas premises. Ferbritas Cadastre Information System (FBSIC) is the first step of a business strategy that has multiple purposes, particularly related to increase value for customers and for the reference shareholder, with efficiency of services, information integrity, generation and "democratization" of knowledge in a timeless framework. FBSIC is used permanently by three business areas and has allowed to formulate new innovative services, and to respond to the needs expressed by clients. They were metrics established that had confirmed the efficiency gains and significant rigor established in pilot projects developed in the preliminary phase that would be confirmed after production entry at cruising speed. 1.4. Benefits of FBSIC project FBSIC is supported by a scalable architecture, standards-based information technology and communication, and interoperability, ensuring a high sustainability of long-term application. It allows viewing and editing of geographic and alphanumeric information of cadastre and expropriations projects. It has a modular character, comprising: Data Migration Module (geographic and alphanumeric), with some features for element validation; Field Module (information gathering activities support); Information Processing Module (field data import and validation); Central Module (provides tools that enable: information load and edit on a geographic, alphanumeric and document basis, monitor the quality of the project phases and their transitions (workflow); print maps and formal documents, among other features); Backoffice Module (system administrator support); Approval Module (enables to perform an approval cycle of expropriations design data before it is sent to DUP); Public Domain Management Module (enables to perform land parcels management cycle till their acquisition by the national authorities). In Figure 3 are shown interface examples of the following modules: Data Migration, Field Module, Information Processing, and Approval. Figure 3 - FBSIC modules overview (Gil, 2010b) The benefits are evident at the level of operational efficiency, with the inclusion of tools that enable process integration and standardization of procedures, facilitate analysis and quality control and maximize performance in the acquisition, maintenance and management of cadastre and expropriations information (expropriations projects). The implemented system achieves levels of robustness, comprehensiveness, openness, scalability and reliability suitable for a structural platform. PS: This text is extracted from my Master's Thesis in GIS and Science (published at RUN: The implementation of an Enterprise Geographical Information System to support Cadastre and Expropriation activitie… ) Dissertation's State of Art chapter 2. Bibliography Gil, F., 2010b. Cadastre Information System (SIC). [Online] Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/FernandoGil/cadastre-information-system-fbsic-esri-emea-2010 [Accessed 19 02 2014]. Gil, F. & Mata, L., 2011c. Cadastre Information System (FBSIC). [Online] Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/FernandoGil/111101-esri-meauc-v2 [Accessed 19 02 2014]. Gil, F. & Mata, L., 2011e. Cadastre Information System for Rail in Portugal. [Online] Available at: http://sensorsandsystems.com/article/features/20982-cadastre-information-system-for-rail-in-portugal.html [Accessed 19 10 2013]. ... View more

Abstract Fernando Gil‌ The processes of mobilization of land for infrastructures of public and private domain are developed according to proper legal frameworks and systematically confronted with the impoverished national situation as regards the cadastral identification and regularization, which leads to big inefficiencies, sometimes with very negative impact to the overall effectiveness. This project report describes Ferbritas Cadastre Information System (FBSIC) project and tools, which in conjunction with other applications, allow managing the entire life-cycle of Land Acquisition and Cadastre, including support to field activities with the integration of information collected in the field, the development of multi-criteria analysis information, monitoring all information in the exploration stage, and the automated generation of outputs. The benefits are evident at the level of operational efficiency, including tools that enable process integration and standardization of procedures, facilitate analysis and quality control and maximize performance in the acquisition, maintenance and management of registration information and expropriation (expropriation projects). Therefore, the implemented system achieves levels of robustness, comprehensiveness, openness, scalability and reliability suitable for a structural platform. The resultant solution, FBSIC, is a fit-for-purpose cadastre information system rooted in the field of railway infrastructures. FBSIC integrating nature of allows: to accomplish present needs and scale to meet future services; to collect, maintain, manage and share all information in one common platform, and transform it into knowledge; to relate with other platforms; to increase accuracy and productivity of business processes related with land property management. ... View more