I'm reading several disconnects in your post:
You created a table a table in ArcMap? Tables are created in ArcCatalog
You open the table and all you see are the fields: Have you loaded any data into this table?
Where does the Excel spreadsheet fit to this whole equation?
I'm going to go out on a limb here and make a guess or two: You want your excel data in an Enterprise Geodatabase aka SDE, is that correct? If so you need to create the table in ArcCatalog and then either use the simple data loader or the append tool to populate your newly created table. You must also have the correct credentials to create data in that Enterprise Geodatabse.
That should just about do it....