Ok, I am cluing in a bit. I can publish the metadata if I change the Metadata Style in ArcCatalog to 'Item Description'. But I still don't understand why, when the style was set to 'FGDC', that the Publish Client thought the metadata were invalid when the 'offending' elements do, in fact, exist in the xml file. Ultimately, I will want to publish valid FGDC metadata to the Geoportal.