Does the rank have to be a point on a map. There may be several ways to meet your goal, but I don't think exactly as you describe.
A simple way could be to have your map question loaded with a predefined web map (or Just an image of the map). Then add a ranked choice question below it for them to rank the features on the map.
https://doc.arcgis.com/en/survey123/desktop/create-surveys/includemap.htm
https://community.esri.com/t5/arcgis-survey123-blog/survey123-tricks-of-the-trade-ranking-question-a...
Another option could be using the image-map appearance with ranking questions base on where a user clicks on the image. You would have to make an SVG of your map and polylines.
https://community.esri.com/t5/arcgis-survey123-blog/using-the-image-map-appearance-in-survey123/ba-p...
A more complicated option could be to use a combination of image annotation tool and a smart assistant.
https://community.esri.com/t5/arcgis-survey123-blog/updates-to-draw-and-annotate-in-arcgis-survey123...
https://doc.arcgis.com/en/survey123/get-started/smartassistants.htm
