> I don't know how to check if the canopy path is not in the system PATH.
The system path is PATH environment variable in Windows. Search for "env" in the windows search and pick user environment variables to get the dialog in WIn7.
> Would you recommend I try using Anaconda?
I've had really good luck with Anaconda, mostly because you can install it without modifying the main system Pythons that Arc is using. Anaconda environments are just the ticket for creating an arc compatible setup and it makes it really easy to install versions of things that will be compatible with the ArcGIS stack.
Dan is right you really need to "clean house" --
1) remove all pythons you see in add/remove programs
2) Repair Desktop and/or Pro (this will restore Windows python paths, etc. This should get ArcMap seeing what it needs to see again.
3) IF YOU REALLY NEED IT - Install other Pythons, i.e. Anaconda, EPD whatever (use the option to NOT modify the Windows Python setups when installing Anaconda)!
Curtis, I deleted Canopy from the system PATH, and it worked perfectly. Truthfully, I don't know why it worked, but thank you! I may move toward Anaconda in the future, but for now, Canopy seems to be working.
Dan and Curtis, thanks for the advice. I will keep this in mind next time I need to "clean house" and remove redundant and/or incompatible Python versions.