The documentation for the Symbol.listSymbolsFromGallery() method says (emphasis mine):
listSymbolsFromGallery provides a mechanism to return a list of symbols that exists in a system or project style gallery.
If I create a layer in memory through a geoprocessing tool, using only raw paths as inputs and not existing map layers, then the resulting layer is not associated with any project (I think). So, if I then call listSymbolsFromGallery() like so...
symbols = my_layer.symbology.renderer.symbol.listSymbolsFromGallery(symbol_name)
...then Pro apparently only pulls system symbols and not project symbols. Makes sense.
However, if I then add that layer to a map in a project that has a style file added, and save the project...
aprx_map.addLayer(my_layer)
aprx.save()
symbols = my_layer.symbology.renderer.symbol.listSymbolsFromGallery(symbol_name)
...then listSymbolsFromGallery() still does not list the symbols in the project's style file.
How can I get listSymbolsFromGallery() to pull symbols from a style file?