This is expected behavior, current is different to a file path.
When you use current, ArcGIS knows that you want to work with the currently opened project. When you use a file path, ArcGIS loads that project into RAM, without actually opening it in the application. IT does all its operations on that copy in RAM, regardless of whether you currently have opened that project or not.
Your code works perfectly fine. Just add that piece at the end of it and then take a look at the copy:
aprx.saveACopy(r"project_folder\ProjectCopy")
You can also use the save() method, but for that to work, you need to call the script from outside the current project.
Have a great day!
Johannes