Hello,
Could please confirm the following:
>> What if you try to add the data from file geodatabase? ArcMap crashes?
>> You are working with which user: database authenticated or windows authenticated? Try using some other user and check the behavior.
>>Is this issue is database/geodatabase specific?
>>What if you try to try to create the connection to the database/geodatabase from a different machine?
>>Have you checked the crash dump file.Crash dump can be found at following location:
C:\Users\<username>\AppData\Local\ESRI\ErrorReports
FAQ: Where are the ArcGIS crash dump files saved when an error report is generated?
We have to confirm whether the issue is machine specific, data specific, user specific or database specific.
>>Is SQL server and ArcGIS desktop are present on the same VM or different?
Also, have a look at the below link:
ArcGIS 10.3.x for Desktop system requirements—Help | ArcGIS Desktop
Thanks