I was getting the same behavior when Publishing a Survey that was created in the web interface and being published as a Portal service. Same basic no details error message as in OP. Furthermore the server manager logs UI just reiterated the same message. Neat.
I believe I was able to capture the actual error by switching the the desktop app for publishing designing surveys. From the desktop app I was able to see a more robust error message that read something like
"You can't use an uppercase letter in the field name"
VIOLA! The name of my date field was simply "Date" and once I changed to "date" I was able to publish from the desktop app with an error. Anyone stuck on this I would recommend using the desktop app to see if a better error message comes out. For some reason my Hosted db is a bit more finicky than AGOL db I guess? IDK, but it works now after updating names of fields with lowercase.