It's a generic error indicating the device can't reach the target ArcGIS Enterprise URL.
Is your ArcGIS Enterprise up and running? Can you reach that URL on a browser on the device?
What version of ArcGIS Enterprise are you running?
What version of the Survey123 field app?
What happens if you click 'use external browser for sign in'? It's possibly a firewall/authentication issue.
I was able to solve this by signing in through my iPhones personal hotspot. I was attempting to sign in through an android tablet. The problem had something to do with our wifi, of which we don't know why it could access other websites and not arcgis.com associated addresses, but ultimately were able to bypass with the hotspot workaround.