I think this has resolved the issue. However, the answer is not as simple as this. There were (as half-expected) some complication along the way.
When it was all finished, I ended up with TWO copies of the survey on my device. Attempting to delete ONE of them resulted in BOTH of them being deleted. No problem, I re-downloaded the survey onto the device, and it works (without the bug that I've been trying to deal with). Hooray!
However, that led me to think... what if the problem was on the device itself? I didn't get around to testing on other devices, so I am left wondering if the problem could have been fixed simply by deleting/re-downloading on the device? (Yes, I SHOULD have tried this earlier on).
Now the other complications that occurred along the way, in brief:
I published the new survey BEFORE making any changes. I decided this may be necessary, because several items are missing from the .iteminfo if the survey is not yet published, of course. Including the owner and owner_folder.
Firstly, I attempted to change the .iteminfo while Survey123 Connect was NOT running. The result of this was that when Survey123 Connect was started up again, it wanted to re-download the new survey from ArcGIS Online before it would allow me to do anything with it. Well, I wasn't sure if that would help or hinder, so I deleted it and started again.
This next time, I made the changes to .iteminfo while Survey123 Connect was running. However, after publishing, I found that it had reverted the .iteminfo content (presumably from some in-memory cache?). So it just published to the new online survey again instead of to the old one I was trying to replace. So a bit more stuffing around, and I can't remember the exact details, but the next time I published it, IT WORKED!
It replaced the old/buggy survey, and it worked on the device.
I was then able to delete the new survey in both Survey123 and in ArcGIS Online.
All seems to be OK now.
But I'll be staying close to the phone in case users start telling me they have serious problems with it!