Hi José,
From version 10.0, a schematic layer is a composite layer containing standard feature layers (with layer definition queries allowing to see only the schematic objects of one particular diagram).
If you publish an mxd containing a schematic diagram, you can access the schematic sublayers with the same WEB API than standard feature layers.
So accessing ONE diagram is quite standard.
The point, that needs a particular attention, happens if you want to access many diagrams with the same map service.
In this case you have:
1) to publish a map without any definition queries (it means that you will see all diagrams overlapping)
2) to manage the definiton query with the web API
Dominique
Note that is only true from 10.0. With previous versions, the diagrams had to be exported in features before being published.