I’ve seen this happen before when they feature layers themselves cannot be published via AGOL. If you try to publish your feature layer(s) via this workflow
https://doc.arcgis.com/en/arcgis-online/manage-data/publish-features.htm#ESRI_SECTION1_809F126685654...Does it work?
One thing we noticed can prevent you from publishing is if optimized drawing is on in your feature layers, it may prevent you from publishing with no error.
Another issues is if your feature layer was originally published via Pro, the sublayer id will not match up.
Basically it may not be the QuickCapture process at all, it might be publishing via AGOL from an existing layer causing the issues.