This error happened to me after a corruption with the flash drive the project was saved onto. Having a backup which was a few weeks behind the project helped only because I transferred the uncorrupted project file (.aprx) to the most recent folder that had the broken project file (but contained all of the relevant up to date files associated with the project). I replaced it with the older working project file and my project was ultimately unaffected luckily enough. However, ESRI need to get this fixed. Essentially the fix comes from replacing your broken .aprx file with an older version from the same project. That is the only way I could retrieve my work.
Step one: Remove broken project file from the workspace directory.
Step two: Insert project file from previous save.
This simple solution should allow you to open the project again from the most recent save.