Unfortunately you might be out of luck as Esri does not support the use of cloud storage options such as OneDrive in conjunction with ArcGIS Pro. The following article provides some more information Problem: ArcGIS Pro and Cloud Storage Services .
The database automatically was saved to my university one drive and I had not idea about all these issues. I'm hoping IT will work something out. All the work I did over the summer is gone if I can't get this database back from one drive.
Maybe you've tried this already, but you could try accessing your OneDrive content in a browser, selecting the geodatabase or selecting all the files within the geodatabase, and then choosing to download the folder or files. That should give you a ZIP in your Downloads folder. From there you should be able to unzip it and get your file geodatabase back without relying on OneDrive's Sync capabilities.