The article that @PiperMcKinnon1 sited in their third UPDATE on Microsoft's web site mentions that one of the improvements was:
"Addresses issues arising in TreeView (or ListBox/DataGrid with grouping enabled) when changing the underlying collection(s) while also collapsing or expanding TreeView nodes. Scrolling actions, especially "short" actions like LineUp or MouseWheelUp, can result in poor outcomes: hangs, crashes, unexpected scrolling, gaps in the display, etc."
In the call stack sent to Event Viewer, I found this line:
System.Windows.Data.ListCollectionView.AddItemToGroups(System.Object, MS.Internal.Data.LiveShapingItem)
Grouping is definitely a part of the symbol pane, and if it's a ListBox or DataGrid that Esri is using to populate our symbols, then that should lead to how it's crashing Pro. The Windows Update contained a preview, so whatever improvement had been made is something that Pro took advantage of (or assumed was True) and now we have this unhandled exception.