Had to deal with the same issue this week. What a pain... In our specific case, we were never able to rename the field but came up with a workaround which is outlined further below.
What I personally noticed was an unnecessary lock that seemed to be keeping any edits from sticking, was coming from my machine 😕.
After a bit of staring into space, it hit me... 🤔 Could my "Map" could be the culprit?
In the end it took editing from Catalog with no map in the project.
Here's the work around we implemented.
- Export a copy of the data to an FGDB (DO NOT SKIP THIS STEP!!!)
- From Catalog, right click on the Original layer and select Data Design/Fields
- Delete the field with the undesired name.
- Add a new field with your desired name. (Make sure your field properties match the original field)
- Join the Original feature class to the Export copy from step 1.
- Field Calculate the new field with entries from the original copy in the Export.
- Remove Join.
- Verify and Save
NOTE: I attempted this work around before i realized the lock form my "Map" was causing an issue and deleting the original field was also not sticking after saving
In the end, for some unknown reason it continued to prevent the renaming, but editing in this manner allowed me to delete the field and replace it with the desired Name.
Hope this helps someone!