This might be of some help. There's the ability to increase/decrease zoom level in a table by holding down ctrl key and scrolling the mouse wheel. This changes the scroll bar size as well as text size adjustments/appearance same as in Arcmap.
If anyone is checking in on this idea and is excited about the User Interface Scaling option that @KoryKramer mentioned - be aware that I just found a bug and had my case attached to the existing bug number 000147862 - When user interface scaling is set to greater than 100%, the layout ruler does not correctly align in ArcGIS Pro. I am using 2.9.3 and it is fixed at Pro 3.0.1. Do your research on upgrading to 3.x though - it is version breaking - once an .aprx is opened in 3.0, it will no longer be compatible with the 2. x version of the software.
honestly, the scroll bars could still be wider in Pro 3.1 to be comparable to how ArcMap was. I think it also is because the scroll bar is rounded now and doesn't fill the entire bar.
