It looks like the 4.23 release of arcgis/core changed something that broke release builds using react.
I created a repo that demonstrates the error here https://github.com/melgish/map-issue
The map renders fine while in development mode, but when built for release, the map frame renders, but it never pulls any tiles.
If I downgrade to 4.22.2 and rebuild, everything works as expected.
Not specific to local assets, but you need to update the browserlist for your production build in the package.json
https://github.com/Esri/jsapi-resources/tree/master/esm-samples/jsapi-create-react-app#misc
I'm surprised it worked in 4.22, but some of the down-compiling and babel helpers with the default browserlist will break some stuff. There's no errors, which is odd, but updating for evergreen browsers fixes this issue with CRA.