Yes, when you hit the server on port 2443 and tell it to configure it will create a new C:/arcgisdatastore folder. I've done that about a dozen times. I also pounded on the datastore using the command line and found that to be useful. You can read here.
https://enterprise.arcgis.com/en/data-store/latest/install/windows/data-store-utility-reference.htm
On my computer they end up in C:\Program Files\ArcGIS\DataStore\tools
They require being run from an admin shell.
There is one called "configuredatastore" that does basically the same things the web interface does only gives you a little more control. It at least might give an error message more useful to you if it fails.
"UpdateLicense" was useful to me (I think) but I found it had to run on the Server machine making it impossible to install Data Store on a separate machine, which was my goal. I put that off for 11.0. Maybe it's possible somehow, but I digress. Not your problem.
There is a separate log file for Data Store, I don't think it shows up at all in the Portal logs page even when you say "ALL" there, after the machine is configured it will be in C:\arcgisdatastore\logs\<MACHINENAME>\server\ Apparently they don't log much to it, mine is empty after running a week.
There are also human readable config files in C:\arcgisdatastore\etc\ like relational-config.json, it includes things like the status of the server and version numbers. For example mine says "datastore.registered": true and "datastore.lastknownstatus": "Started"
If you want an abbreviated version of the config data then you can run "describedatastore"
The file arcgis-data-store-config.json will tell you what features are turned on.
It always amazes me when Esri tech support is stopped dead in its tracks when setting up a basic component of their flagship enterprise product. Good luck and I hope this helps a bit.
My goal is to have each component on a separate VM, so that I can reboot / do maintenance / upgrades on each machine separately without affecting the others. I ended up with a Portal machine and a Server+Data Store machine for now. Also SQL Server got moved to an instance maintained 100% by IT, a big win for me.