I publish Map Image Layers to our most accessed maps as to group categories of layers, such that layers like washes and flood plains are collapsed under Hydrology. Today I overwrote the map image layer to update it and one layer in the group now will not display in past 1:36,112. There are no limits set on the layer's visibility both in Pro before uploading or on the online map after.
Before After
The disappearing layer when uploaded as a feature service displays fine and as you can see from the second image the layer is there and selectable, just invisible.
You need to check on the tile cache. Make sure it is set to the min scale you need it to be visible, then update the tiles.