Hi Garret, sorry to hear about your difficulty. I tried reproducing the issue with some basic test data, and did not see an issue when buffering with the dissolve "NONE" setting -- each of the input features had a buffer record in the output, with all attributes from the input.
Can you upload a screenshot of the Buffer tool dialog before you click run? Also, if you can provide any test data it will go a long way in tracking down your issue.
From your description your workflow is sound. As long as your polygons have some unique identifier there should be no issue in doing the buffer, intersecting the buffers with another layer, then rejoining a length calculation to the original polygons based on that unique ID. But not getting any input attributes in your buffer will definitely put a wrench in this, as you've seen.
Look forward to hearing back from you.
Drew -Esri