>>> mxd = arcpy.mapping.MapDocument('current') # using current map, can also use a path to a mxd here
>>> df = arcpy.mapping.ListDataFrames(mxd)[0]
>>> lyr = arcpy.mapping.ListLayers(mxd, 'U.S. States*', df)[0]
>>> ext = lyr.getExtent()
>>> df.extent = ext