there is no arcpy functionality to do this
You could check them (uncheck the others you don't want) and then use the lyr.visible property to separate them.
aprx = arcpy.mp.ArcGISProject(r'C:\.aprx')
m = aprx.listMaps("Map")[0]
checked_layers = [lyr for lyr in m.listLayers() if lyr.visible]
#for lyr in m.listLayers():
# if lyr.visible:
# arcpy.AddMessage(f"{lyr.name} is selected.")