Update:
I noticed the client32 and client64 folders no longer come with the VCRuntime14 binaries. I did run the Windows 10 Universal Runtime update, but had not noticed it failed.
Including the VCRuntime binaries fixes the problem.
What should the subfolders of the ArcGISRuntime100.0 be named? Mine show up as:
client32
client64
resources
But I still get an issue with not being able to find the native DLL. Do they need to be x64, x86? I installed the 4.5.2 targeting pack.