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It looks like there is something wrong with the display settings for your layer, i.e., some categories of the features are not shown (check the Display tab of the Layer Properties dialog box and the Symbology - you've used the Unique values yet no features are included in the symbology list). That is why ArcMap is telling you that it cannot draw some elements of the feature class.
In addition, I'd recommend using file geodatabase instead of personal ones - they provide better performance, don't have 2GB size limit, and often takes less disk space. Maybe you could try to load the data into a new file geodatabase (or just create a new copy of the feature classes with no relationships and cartographic representations and coded-value domain defined for the geodatabase) and then change one property at once to see where the problem is.
I've searched for this error, but have not found anything related to labeling or symbology except this thread: http://forums.arcgis.com/threads/20218-Error-The-index-passed-was-not-within-the-valid-range.