Great question that does not have a perfect answer unfortunately! I added in my colleague @JosephKerski, because I know he probably has some great suggestions.
The path I would look at going down - is looking at building out a 'digital workbook' from the long list of Learn Lessons: https://learn.arcgis.com/en/gallery/ or looking at the 'Learning Plans' to see some of the more modular approaches: https://www.esri.com/training/catalog/search/options/2/
With the rapidly changing nature of the technology, I think it's really difficult to get a traditional printed text with workflow steps, but a lot of these same types of content are kept up to date and relevant on the web a bit easier. If the module is on 'cartography' or 'spatial joins', or another traditional GIS topic, there are a range of good lessons that cover these topics that you could pull from.
