There are no size limits to RDBMS tables (at least, not when the units are still in gigabytes, and the row count is under two billion), but there could be other issues that are preventing effective use.
Please add details on the version and service pack of ArcGIS in use (both Desktop and the enterprise geodatabase), as well as the exact error messages. Does a fraction of the table load successfully?
Note: This question was cross-posted to gis.stackexchange