Jose,
It sound like you SQL Server database is not a geodatabase. You can have feature classes in your SQL database, the feature geometry is stored as SQL Server Geometry. If you would like to use the full functionality of a geodatabase, I would recommend enabling it. This will allow you to import/export the raster data that you need.
Enabling geodatabase functionality in an existing SQL Server database: http://resources.arcgis.com/en/help/main/10.2/#/Enabling_geodatabase_functionality_in_an_existing_SQ...