I am sure that this is not what you are looking for but mxd files are OLE structured storage. That means that you can read the information from the underlying storages and streams. There are several GUI utlities which show the contents including one that comes with Visual Studio 6, one that you can download from Microsoft, and I believe that ESRI provides one as well. The problem that you will have is that you have to reverse engineer how to read the information you seek.
At the recent Developer Summit, I asked ESRI about utilities they might have to read/parse mxd files and was told that they did not provide this. My problem was that I wanted to read an mxd in order to read information previously persisted by an extension.
Good luck!