I can't seem to find anything about what functions are available to me in the outFields parameter of a query.
I can do things like UPPER(field) and get my string field in upper-case. Or I can do field * 10 to get that field multiplied by 10. But I can't use LEFT(field, n).
From what I can find, the documentation just says this parameter takes lists of field names or a '*' wildcard, not even a mention of functions.
Knowing what is and isn't allowed here without doing lots of trial and error would be great. I have a number of use-cases where I only need to store the data one way, but might need to query it out differently. Functions in the query save me a step of manipulating the data after getting it.
I think instead of LEFT you can use SUBSTRING.
This is the best information I'm aware of regarding SQL support:
Enforce standardized SQL queries—ArcGIS Server | Documentation for ArcGIS Enterprise
Standardized SQL functions in ArcGIS Online—ArcGIS Online Help | Documentation
I believe this is only supported 10.9+ when 'supportsOutFieldSqlExpression' was added.