I use a path (not "CURRENT") in order to create a project instance e.g.,:
aprx = arcpy.mp.ArcGISProject("Project.aprx")
m = aprx.listMaps("Map")[0]
I'm confident that I have a reference to the map, as I am able to remove layers from the map using `m.removeLayer(LAYER)`. However, when I run `m.addDataFromPath(PATH_TO_LAYER)` the Layer is not added to the Map.
When I use "CURRENT" in order to instantiate the project, the Layer is added to the map using m.addDataFromPath(PATH_TO_LAYER).
You need to provide the full path, are you doing this? I presume the above are just examples, if not, there may be something wrong with your path