Arcgis Pro has exporting option of .mapx and arcmap has .mxd.
.mapx and .mxd are not even remotely related. .mapx file extension is a file type that resides in a web server and delivers content through a web browser.
.mapx is more closely related to the idea of a shape file.
You will need a software like MapDotNet to open the .mapx and you may be able to convert it to a shape file. But I have no idea if you can.
Actually you can generate a MAPX file by doing an export in ArcGIS Pro, it's not just a web server thing. See "Save A Map File".
MAPX files are just plain, readable JSON files. Not even zipped or minified or obfuscated, very progressive for Esri. There is even some documentation here CIMMapDocumentClass. I forget what CIM stands for now.
MXD files are from the olden days of yore when everything was in a secret binary format. So converting from MAPX to MXD without help from Esri is basically impossible, and they don't want you to use Desktop any more, so , not going to happen in our lifetimes.