In some tools, if you don't set the parallel processing factor as 0, the tools won't run successfully forever.
for example, use the Watershed tool with a large D8 raster and a large-scale lake raster, if you don't set the factor as 0, you won't get any result and you can't do any processing even if the world is destroyed.
How infuriating!
Here are the SA tools that support parallel processing
Parallel processing with Spatial Analyst—ArcGIS Pro | Documentation
You can see a decrease in performance given some notes on raster size in the
Controlling parallel processing with environments
section.
I knew some tools support parallel processing.
But what I want to say here is, in the Watershed tool, if you don't set the parallel processing factor as 0 manually, the tool won't work with some large raster at all. however, the default set of this factor is not 0, so although you don't want to apply the parallel processing, you need to set it as 0.
why not set 0 as the default factor of all tools?
Probably because some people want to apply a parallel processing factor. If using tools in Arctoolbox it is always a good idea to examine the environments that one is using whether you are using large or small dataset. The tool use becomes a conscious decision then rather than relying on someone elses decision as to what is best for all.
It is best to take up your concerns with Tech Support, they can forward your concerns to the Spatial Analyst Team and those involved in the User Interface