The Catalog View in ArcGIS Pro displays error messages that lack sufficient detail in order to interpret the error (see attached image titled "Catalog View Error Message"). The same process in ArcCatalog yields a specific error message we can use in order to correctly diagnose the problem (see attached image titled "ArcCatalog Error Message"). Is there some place that the full error message is being displayed in ArcGIS Pro or is that a limitation to ArcGIS Pro at this time? My main worry is that as we move towards using Pro rather than ArcMap and Arc Catalog, we won't be able to correctly diagnose and fix errors like we currently can due to the lack of specificity in Pro's error messages.
Curiousity question for me - you're using the Catalog View in ArcGIS Pro to review the data error message. If you use the Catalog Pane rather than the Catalog View, is it the same error message or different? Please advise.
The error message appears when trying to preview the geometry or table which I have not seen as an option from just catalog pane (unless I am missing that).
You are correct you have to use the Catalog View to preview geometry/attributes. What I would suggest is creating an ArcGIS Pro Idea in the Esri Community for ArcGIS Pro. I scanned existing Ideas and did not see one specific to your use case. The ArcGIS Pro Developers do monitor the Ideas page frequently and use the ideas to provide new functionality at each release.