If I am using a CAD file that is converted to a geodatabase to mark polygons, is there anyway when that CAD file is updated it will automatically update in Arc Pro?
short answer.... No
The only way to automate a process like this would be to use a software like FME to be semi-automatic. Do you have FME?
no I do not. I think manually updating once per week is likely going to be the easiest way. It wouldnt take too long.