i always having this problem with my shapefile every 2 weeks, i actively editing dataset everyday. But every once or twice a month i always having this issue. I tried to recovery geodatabase but ended i losing some of data (polygon) in recovery data, how i supposed to do ?
If your data is stored on a local drive (HDD or SSD) check the Windows Logs for drive failures.
If the data is on a network you access via Wifi, try to connect via a wired connection.
If you're connected via a wired connection check the Windows and server logs to see if there are anything amiss with the connection. Your router/switch may also have logs you can check for failures inn the infrastructure.
Try to load your data into a file geodatabase. They are much more performant than shp files.
related error message
Solved: ArcGIS Pro fails to load data in table: "Failed to... - Esri Community
and avoid shapefiles and adhere to esri warnings about data storage
Caution:
Cloud storage services, such as Microsoft OneDrive and Google Drive, are not supported unless stated otherwise in the documentation about specific tools and functionality.