We just struck the same issue in ESRI Enterprise 10.9.1. Again it is related to the popups.
The layer was a SQL view registered with the ESRI SDE Database and published via ArcGIS server into the Enterprise Portal.
Using Map Viewer Classic, and NO popup enabled, the map will load correctly in field maps.
Using Map Viewer Classic, and Enabling the popup, the map will NOT load in field maps.
However, if we used the New Map Viewer to enable popups and save the result into a new map, Field Maps could successfully load the map and show the popups.