I publish Map Image Layers to our most accessed maps as to group categories of layers, such that layers like washes and flood plains are collapsed under Hydrology. Today I overwrote the map image layer to update it and one layer in the group now will not display in past 1:36,112. There are no limits set on the layer's visibility both in Pro before uploading or on the online map after.
Before After
The disappearing layer when uploaded as a feature service displays fine and as you can see from the second image the layer is there and selectable, just invisible.
You need to check on the tile cache. Make sure it is set to the min scale you need it to be visible, then update the tiles.
A follow up. The map image continues to mis-display. On looking in on the Server Manager on caching for the service, it is set to draw "Dynamically from the data" rather than tiles from a cache and tiling scheme scales are greyed out.
I have as a stop-gap added the misbehaving layers into the map separately as features but this ruins the cascading menu I desired by using a map image in the first place. Below is another example of the misbehaving layers in the map image.
vs
One further note. Not all of the layers in the map image display partially.