Refer to your security client documentation. Esri's installers automatically configure a couple ports because those ports need to be open for any deployment, but Esri doesn't automatically open all potential ports for every deployment. For example, opening up inter-machine communication ports for a single-machine deployment would be unnecessary. Since Esri doesn't know how the user will deploy the software, they provide all the ports that need to be open in their documentation, and the user can configure the local security client to meet their needs.