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I had the same issue and resolved it by giving user arcgis SELECT rights to the database in SQL
This was the solution for me... I have a subfolder on our application server containing a geodatabase with my data for server. We gave the subfolder (not the root) full access to the 'arcgis' user and the service published just fine.
What if my data is file geodatabase but not SDE? how to give "select" permission?
you might want to check securtiy permissions on the file geodatabase to see if you arc user is allowed access
I am not sure if this would help but I would install arcgis server 10.1 service pack 1, etc. It fixed several problems I was experiencing in editing.
It would be helpful if ArcGIS Server provided additional/better error information.
That's the understatement of the year. I don't know how many times I've been given a generic error and had no idea how to fix it because I didn't know what the problem was. Many of the errors I've had require the use of MXD Doctor or checking each individual layer for problems. Of course, a generic error is better than no error at all which I've had a lot when I go to print and ArcMap locks up.