Hi Bert,
What exact version of Windows 10 is the VM running? Please check in the System - About screen and provide the Edition, Version and OS Build.
What virtualization software is the VM running on, Hyper-V or VMware or other?
Do you have administrator rights on the VM, or just a standard user?
And lastly, the small white window that opens usually points to a graphics driver issue. Either that or a bluetooth driver issue. Can you try and run the app from the command line, using the different graphics options of OpenGL and Angle.
https://doc.arcgis.com/en/survey123/faq/faqgeneral.htm#anchor14
You need to put the path to the .exe in the install folder in command window, and then followed by --renderingEngine angle or --renderingEngine opengl.
Let me know the results and answers to above questions.
Regards,
Phil.