It get a little convoluted, but yes.
In your ArcGIS Online map, you would want to use a view of the layer/feature service that has editing disabled. Then you would want to build a Survey123 survey using Survey123 connect on a different view that has editing enabled. To link the to, you would populate a link in your pop-up on AGOL map that would open a survey in editing mode based on the passed GlobalID.
You can see more how about how to construct the url here -> https://doc.arcgis.com/en/survey123/browser/get-answers/editexistingdata.htm#ESRI_SECTION1_C4ECC19E6....