Hey @JasonSibold
The error your getting seems to be temporary, here is what I'd do myself if hitting this error:
1. Restart the computer
2. Update Windows/Windows Defender
3. Attempt to close any third-party antivirus
4. Reinstall ArcGIS Pro / downgrade ArcGIS Pro 1 version.
5. Run sfc /scannow in an elevated command prompt
Those are my suggestions for this specific issue, usually when I hear Windows issues though I suspect RAM, but doesn't seem the issue here.
Cody