There are a few mechanisms in ArcGIS Pro that can limit/filter the data in layers and standalone tables:
It would be very useful to see the ultimate filter/WHERE clause that is used when Pro queries the database for a given layer. That info is available in the Diagnostic Monitor, but it takes time to find and parse that info in the Logs tab, especially for complex maps. It would be more efficient to see that information right in the feature layer properties in the Contents Pane.
And to be honest, it's not always clear what the full query is when looking at the Diagnostic Monitor. In some cases, it seems like some of the "querying" is done on the application side, not in the query that's sent to the database, which means we can't see the full query in the Diagnostic Monitor.
Example: Perform join at the database level, not the application level, when the datasets are in the same wor...
Related: Display selection criteria (SQL) in the Layer Properties window