Thank you for this feedback.
The behavior you are seeing when editing with Calculate Geometry and Calculate Fields are bugs in the current release. The changes should be synchronized to the server.
We were aware of Calculate Fields issue, and it has been fixed in 10.1 sp1. But Calculate Geometry still has the issue. I have relayed this message to the development team, and they are planning to fix this for the next service pack.
The underlying issue is as you describe - the edits were being performed outside of an edit session. The tools need to recognize that the workspace being edited is being used for synchronization (replication) and handle this case.
If you are making edits yourself through custom code, always do them within an edit session to ensure they will be included in synchronizations.
A workaround for the Calculate Geometry issue - is to start an Edit Session before running it.
Thanks,
-Heather