It took a bit to troubleshoot. It appears if Survey123 tries to populate a field with more than the default characters 255 the survey gives a random error at submission.
- If the field is read only or hidden, no warning shows in the survey itself
It would be great if the survey gave a clearer error, to flag that the concatenated text contains more characters than a field allows.

Now that I know the error I can either increase the field or use substr(${field},0,255)
The tricky part as this is caused by a combination of fields, shorter fields will combine no problem, and you end up running in circles trying to find what is causing the error.
I have included my Survey123 xlsx to replicate the error