There was recently a question on this. Maybe I'm misinterpreting the question and responses, but I don't think I've got the issue. In that question, it looked like the survey was pointing to a view layer? I seem to be having the same issue, but with the feature layer created by Survey 123 when I originally made the survey.
All I'm trying to do is add a field. When I go to publish the survey, I get the following (which is expected, as I've added a question that wasn't there before.)

I select to add the field and then click the "Publish survey" button. After a few moments, it errors out with the same error the linked question got.

This seems odd, as I've been able to add and remove questions from this survey via Survey123 Connect in the past without issue. I had one issue, which I mentioned in that previous thread, but it was quickly resolved (I wasn't creating the field correctly.)
The layer in question:

Entirely possible I don't know my GIS terminology (Feature Layer = View Layer?) but I don't understand why something would go from working to broken by adding a question.